Author: Ameeba

Demystifying the 3-2-1-1-0 Strategy in Cybersecurity: Why Experts are Rallying Behind it

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, professionals are constantly seeking innovative strategies to fortify digital defenses. One such strategy gaining momentum in the cybersecurity community is the 3-2-1-1-0 strategy. This approach is not new, but it has become increasingly relevant due to the growing sophistication of cyber threats.

Cybersecurity is no longer a niche concern, but a global issue that affects businesses, governments, and individuals alike. The frequency and severity of cyber breaches have escalated over the past decade, with the advent of advanced persistent threats (APTs), ransomware, and zero-day exploits. The proliferation of these threats has necessitated a shift in cybersecurity strategy, leading to the resurgence of the 3-2-1-1-0 approach.

The 3-2-1-1-0 Strategy: An Overview

The 3-2-1-1-0 strategy is a data protection method that arose from the need to ensure data availability in the face of any potential cyber-attack. The numbers each represent a recommended layer of defense. In essence, it advises having three (3) copies of your data, on two (2) different types of storage media, with one (1) copy offsite, one (1) copy offline, and zero (0) errors after recovery.

This method is endorsed by experts and government agencies such as the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) due to its effectiveness in protecting against a wide array of cyber threats. It serves as a robust defense mechanism, mitigating the risk of data loss from ransomware or data corruption events.

Why the 3-2-1-1-0 Strategy Matters Now

The exponential growth of digital data and the increasing reliance on it for business operations have made data availability and integrity a critical concern. The rise in sophisticated cyber threats, such as ransomware attacks that compromise data accessibility, has underscored the importance of robust data protection strategies.

Businesses of all sizes are key stakeholders in this scenario, as they manage vast amounts of sensitive customer data. The impact of a data breach can be catastrophic, leading to financial losses, reputational damage, and potential regulatory penalties. The worst-case scenario following a data breach can involve business shutdown, while the best case still involves a significant investment in recovery and reinforcement of cybersecurity defenses.

Addressing Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities

Cyber attackers often exploit vulnerabilities such as weak passwords, unpatched software, or poorly configured networks. The 3-2-1-1-0 strategy can mitigate the risks posed by these vulnerabilities by ensuring data redundancy and accessibility, even in the event of a successful attack.

The offline backup component of the strategy protects against ransomware attacks, which typically encrypt online data and demand a ransom for its release. Offline data cannot be reached by such attacks, providing an additional layer of security.

Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Considerations

In the aftermath of a data breach, companies may face legal action from affected customers and penalties from regulatory bodies. In regions with stringent data protection laws, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or California’s Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), non-compliance can result in hefty fines.

Implementing the 3-2-1-1-0 Strategy

Implementing the 3-2-1-1-0 strategy involves creating multiple data backups on different media, storing one backup offsite and another offline. Regular data recovery tests are also vital to ensure zero errors after recovery.

Several companies offer solutions that aid in implementing this strategy. For example, data backup and recovery solutions from providers like Veeam and Acronis are designed with the 3-2-1-1-0 strategy in mind.

The Future of Cybersecurity

The 3-2-1-1-0 strategy represents a shift towards a more proactive approach in cybersecurity. As cyber threats continue to evolve, businesses must stay ahead by adopting robust data protection strategies.

Emerging technologies like AI and blockchain are poised to play significant roles in the future of cybersecurity. AI can help automate data protection and threat detection, while blockchain’s decentralized nature can further enhance data security.

In conclusion, the 3-2-1-1-0 strategy is a practical, expert-backed solution for data protection in today’s cyber threat landscape. Its relevance and effectiveness make it a necessary consideration for any comprehensive cybersecurity strategy.

May 28, 2025
CVE-2025-44887: Critical Stack Overflow Vulnerability in FW-WGS-804HPT
Overview

In the constantly evolving world of cybersecurity, it’s important to stay ahead of the threats. The recently discovered CVE-2025-44887 presents a significant vulnerability in the FW-WGS-804HPT v1.305b241111. This vulnerability, a stack overflow, can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. It’s a critical issue that affects all users of this software version, and it underscores the ever-present need for proactive security measures and regular system updates.
The severity of this vulnerability is compounded by the fact that it can potentially allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or even to compromise a system. As such, understanding how this vulnerability works and how to mitigate its potential effects is of paramount importance to all stakeholders.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44887
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FW-WGS-804HPT | v1.305b241111

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is a stack overflow that is triggered via the radIpkey parameter in the web_radiusSrv_post function. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to the server containing an excessively long string in the radIpkey parameter. This causes an overflow in the stack, potentially leading to unexpected behavior such as crashing the system or even executing arbitrary code.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how an attack exploiting this vulnerability might look like. It represents a malicious HTTP POST request to the radius server with an excessively long radIpkey value:
```
POST /web_radiusSrv_post HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
radIpkey=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... (continues)
```
In this example, the string “A” is repeated to an excessive length, triggering the stack overflow. Please note that this is a simplistic conceptual representation and real-world attacks may be more complex and sophisticated.

Mitigation Guidance

Given the severity of this vulnerability, it is crucial to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available to prevent potential exploitation. If the patch is not immediately available, users are advised to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regular updates and patches coupled with robust security measures are the best defense against such threats.
May 28, 2025
CVE-2025-44886: Critical Stack Overflow Vulnerability in FW-WGS-804HPT
Overview

The world of cybersecurity is often a game of cat and mouse, with vulnerabilities emerging and patches being released in response. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-44886, has been discovered in the software FW-WGS-804HPT v1.305b241111. This vulnerability, if exploited, could potentially lead to a system compromise or significant data leakage. The issue lies within a stack overflow vulnerability that can be triggered via the byruleEditName parameter in the web_acl_mgmt_Rules_Edit_postcontains function.
This vulnerability poses a tremendous risk to organizations utilizing the affected software, as unauthorized actors could potentially gain control of critical systems or gain access to sensitive data. It is imperative for organizations to understand this vulnerability, assess their potential exposure, and take necessary mitigation steps.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44886
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FW-WGS-804HPT | v1.305b241111

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting the CVE-2025-44886 vulnerability can send a specifically crafted request containing an excessively long string to the byruleEditName parameter in the web_acl_mgmt_Rules_Edit_postcontains function. This can cause a stack overflow, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code or potentially gain control over the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. Please note that this is a simplified example for illustrative purposes only:
```
POST /web_acl_mgmt_Rules_Edit_postcontains HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
byruleEditName=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...(continuing until the stack overflows)
```
In this example, the ‘A’s represent an excessively long string that when processed by the web_acl_mgmt_Rules_Edit_postcontains function, would trigger a stack overflow, opening the door for further exploitation.

Protection Against This Vulnerability

To mitigate the risks posed by this vulnerability, users of the affected software are strongly encouraged to apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary measure to detect and block exploitation attempts. Regularly updating and patching software is a key part of maintaining a robust cybersecurity posture.
May 27, 2025
CVE-2025-44885: Critical Stack Overflow Vulnerability in FW-WGS-804HPT
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, with new vulnerabilities being discovered on a regular basis. One such vulnerability, CVE-2025-44885, is a critical stack overflow vulnerability that was recently discovered in the FW-WGS-804HPT v1.305b241111. This vulnerability puts systems at risk of potential compromise and data leakage, highlighting the importance of prompt and effective mitigation strategies.
This vulnerability is critical because it affects users of the FW-WGS-804HPT v1.305b241111, a widely-used system. The potential impact includes system compromise and data leakage, which could have severe consequences for individuals and organizations alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44885
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FW-WGS-804HPT | v1.305b241111

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a stack overflow issue within the web_snmpv3_remote_engineId_add_post function. This function improperly handles the remote_ip parameter, leading to a stack overflow condition. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability remotely by supplying a maliciously crafted remote_ip parameter, which could potentially overflow the stack and lead to arbitrary code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a simplified representation and actual exploitation would require a more nuanced approach.
```
POST /web_snmpv3_remote_engineId_add_post HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
remote_ip=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...   // Long string to overflow the stack
```
In the above example, the `remote_ip` parameter is filled with an overly long string, designed to overflow the stack.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability, providing a layer of defense while a more permanent solution is implemented.
Remember, staying vigilant and keeping systems up to date are the most effective ways to protect against vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-44885.
May 27, 2025
CVE-2025-44884: Critical Stack Overflow Vulnerability in FW-WGS-804HPT
Overview

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, a new vulnerability has been discovered which has the potential to compromise systems or lead to significant data leakage. This vulnerability, catalogued as CVE-2025-44884, affects the FW-WGS-804HPT system, specifically the version v1.305b241111. As a significant threat, it necessitates immediate attention and mitigation to prevent potential breaches and system compromises.
This vulnerability particularly matters as it offers an exploit via the web_sys_infoContact_post function, which essentially results in a stack overflow. Given the severity of this exploit, it is crucial for system administrators, security professionals, and stakeholders leveraging the FW-WGS-804HPT system, to understand and take prompt action against this vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44884
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Potential Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FW-WGS-804HPT | v1.305b241111

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a stack overflow vulnerability in the web_sys_infoContact_post function of the FW-WGS-804HPT system. A stack overflow condition is a type of buffer overflow where a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack than what is actually allocated for that buffer. This results in the program overwriting adjacent memory locations.
An attacker can manipulate the data sent to this function, causing the system to try and store more data than its allocated memory can handle, leading to a stack overflow. This overflow can result in erratic behavior, crashes, or in some cases, execution of arbitrary or malicious code.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a
conceptual
example of how an HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability might look:
```
POST /web_sys_infoContact_post HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"data": "A".repeat(1000000)   // A string larger than stack allocation
}
```
In this example, the data field is filled with a string that exceeds the stack allocation, causing a stack overflow and potentially allowing the execution of arbitrary code.

Mitigation Guidance

The mitigation of this vulnerability primarily involves applying a patch provided by the vendor. If the patch is not available or cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can monitor the network for signs of this exploit and block or alert administrators to suspicious activity.
However, these are temporary solutions. The definitive mitigation of this vulnerability would be to update to a version of the software that has addressed this flaw.
May 27, 2025
CVE-2025-44881: Command Injection Vulnerability in Wavlink WL-WN579A3 v1.0
Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-44881 is a serious threat that affects the users of the Wavlink WL-WN579A3 v1.0. It’s a command injection vulnerability that resides in the /cgi-bin/qos.cgi component. This vulnerability could potentially allow attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a specially crafted input, leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the high CVSS severity score of 9.8, this vulnerability needs immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44881
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Wavlink WL-WN579A3 | v1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the /cgi-bin/qos.cgi component in the Wavlink WL-WN579A3 v1.0, which fails to properly sanitize user inputs. An attacker can craft a malicious input, which is then executed by the system. This allows the attacker to run arbitrary commands on the system, potentially leading to full system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:
```
POST /cgi-bin/qos.cgi HTTP/1.1
Host: target_WL-WN579A3_IP
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
command=; [Insert malicious command here]
```
In this example, the “command” parameter in the POST request is used to inject a malicious command. By appending a semicolon to the “command” parameter, the attacker can run any command they wish, as the semicolon is a command separator in many command-line environments.

Mitigation Strategies

To mitigate this vulnerability, the immediate action required is to apply the vendor-provided patch. It is also recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation until the patch can be applied. Regular patching and updating of all systems should be part of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy to prevent exploitation of known vulnerabilities.
May 27, 2025
CVE-2025-48200: TYPO3 sr_feuser_register Extension Vulnerability Leading to Remote Code Execution
Overview

In this blog post, we delve into the details of a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-48200, that affects the TYPO3 content management system (CMS). The vulnerability lies in the sr_feuser_register extension (up to version 12.4.8), and it permits remote code execution. TYPO3 is a widely used open-source CMS with a vast global community. Therefore, this vulnerability is of significant concern as it has the potential to impact numerous websites and applications, leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48200
Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TYPO3 sr_feuser_register extension | Up to version 12.4.8

How the Exploit Works

The sr_feuser_register extension for TYPO3 is vulnerable to remote code execution. This vulnerability stems from a lack of proper input validation in the extension’s code, which allows an attacker to inject malicious code. The attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code on the server, thereby compromising the system. The code execution occurs with the privileges of the server process running TYPO3. This breach can potentially lead to sensitive data exposure, unauthorized system access, or even control of the entire system.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. Here, the attacker crafts a malicious payload in the form of an HTTP POST request to a vulnerable endpoint on the TYPO3 server.
```
POST /typo3/sr_feuser_register HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "user_data": "{'; system('rm -rf /'); #}" }
```
In this example, the attacker injects code into the user_data parameter. The injected code is executed on the server, leading to a devastating outcome. Please note that this is a conceptual example, and actual exploit code may differ based on the server’s configuration and the attacker’s intent.

Mitigation Guidance

The most effective mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. TYPO3 has released a patched version of the sr_feuser_register extension that fixes this vulnerability. Users are strongly encouraged to update to the latest version as soon as possible.
In case immediate patching is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems should be configured to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are just temporary measures and cannot substitute a proper patch.
Remember, staying updated is the most effective defense against such vulnerabilities. Regularly patch and update your systems to keep them secure.
May 27, 2025
CVE-2025-47277: Critical Vulnerability in vLLM’s `PyNcclPipe` KV Cache Transfer Integration
Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-47277 is a highly critical security flaw found in the vLLM, an inference and serving engine for large language models. Specifically, the vulnerability affects the `PyNcclPipe` KV cache transfer integration with the V0 engine in versions 0.6.5 through 0.8.4. The exploitation of this vulnerability could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing significant risks to any environment using the affected configurations. The severity of this vulnerability underscores the importance of immediate action to mitigate the risks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47277
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

vLLM | 0.6.5 to 0.8.4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from vLLM’s implementation of the `PyNcclPipe` class to establish a P2P communication domain for data transmission between distributed nodes. The `TCPStore` interface, part of the PyTorch framework, was intended to listen only on the IP address specified by the `–kv-ip` CLI parameter, thus limiting exposure to a private, secured network. However, due to a security oversight, the `TCPStore` interface listens on all interfaces, disregarding the provided IP address. This behavior exposes the vLLM engine to potential unauthorized access and exploitation over the network.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of an HTTP request that could exploit this vulnerability:
```
POST /vLLM/execute HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"command": "dump_kvcache",
"kvstore": "PyNcclPipe"
}
```
In this conceptual example, an attacker sends a malicious `POST` request to the vLLM engine’s execution endpoint. The `”dump_kvcache”` command could force the vLLM engine to dump the contents of the KV cache, potentially leaking sensitive data over the network.

Mitigation Steps

This vulnerability has been patched in vLLM version 0.8.5, which now limits the `TCPStore` socket to the private interface as configured. All users are advised to update to this version or later to mitigate the risks posed by CVE-2025-47277.
In situations where immediate patching is not feasible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can monitor and control incoming network traffic based on predefined security policies, potentially preventing exploitation of this vulnerability.
Despite these measures, it is imperative to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to fully address the vulnerability.
May 27, 2025
CVE-2025-46724: Critical Code Injection Vulnerability in Langroid Python Framework
Overview

In the realm of cybersecurity, securing large language model (LLM) applications is paramount. This blog post discusses a critical vulnerability – CVE-2025-46724 – found in Langroid, a Python framework used to build LLM-powered applications. This vulnerability, if exploited, can lead to a system compromise or data leakage, affecting any organization that leverages the Langroid framework prior to version 0.53.15. The gravity of this vulnerability underscores the importance of understanding and mitigating cybersecurity risks in LLM frameworks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46724
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Langroid Python Framework | Versions prior to 0.53.15

How the Exploit Works

Langroid, prior to version 0.53.15, is vulnerable to code injection via the `TableChatAgent` which utilizes `pandas eval()`. Untrusted user input, if not properly sanitized, can be manipulated to execute malicious commands. In the context of a public-facing LLM application, this flaw can allow an attacker to exploit the system, leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider a scenario where a malicious actor interacts with a vulnerable application. They could craft a payload that exploits the lack of sanitization, as shown below:
```
{
"user_input": "'; import os; os.system('rm -rf /') #"
}
```
In this conceptual example, the malicious user input starts with a semicolon, which ends any ongoing commands. The rest of the string is a new command that the attacker wants to execute, in this case, a harmful command that deletes all files in the system.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are strongly recommended to update their Langroid Python Framework to version 0.53.15 or later. This version sanitizes input to `TableChatAgent` by default, effectively preventing the code injection attack vector. If immediate patching is not possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Moreover, developers should always sanitize user inputs, even if they seem harmless, to prevent potential exploits.

Conclusion

In conclusion, CVE-2025-46724 is a critical vulnerability affecting the Langroid Python Framework. By understanding how this vulnerability works and how to mitigate it, organizations can better secure their systems and data, reinforcing the importance of proactive cybersecurity measures.
May 27, 2025
CVE-2025-44084: Command Injection Vulnerability in D-link DI-8100
Overview

In the complex world of cybersecurity, keeping systems safe from vulnerabilities is a constant challenge. One such recent vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-44084, poses a severe threat to the security of D-link DI-8100. The affected firmware version is 16.07.26A1. This vulnerability allows malicious actors to execute commands on the firmware system, leading to potential system compromises or data leakage. As such, understanding the implications of this vulnerability and how to mitigate its risks is of paramount importance for all users of the affected system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44084
Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-link DI-8100 | 16.07.26A1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the mechanism used by the D-link DI-8100 to handle HTTP requests. By crafting a specific HTTP request, an attacker can exploit this flaw to execute commands with the highest privileges on the firmware system. This vulnerability does not require any user interaction or special privileges, which makes it all the more dangerous and easier to exploit.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a hypothetical HTTP POST request sent to a vulnerable endpoint on the target device.
```
POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "command; /bin/sh; # This is where the command injection occurs" }
```
In this request, the “malicious_payload” field is used to inject a command (“/bin/sh”, a common Unix shell command) that will be executed by the firmware system. The semicolon (;) is used to separate commands, and the hash symbol (#) denotes the start of a comment, effectively ignoring the rest of the line.

Recommendations

Users of the affected D-link DI-8100 are strongly urged to apply the vendor patch to fix this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, a temporary mitigation can be put in place by using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to block malicious HTTP requests that attempt to exploit this vulnerability. It is also advisable to monitor network traffic for unusual activity, particularly any HTTP requests targeting the vulnerable endpoint.
May 27, 2025