Author: Ameeba

  • CVE-2021-47670: Linux Kernel Vulnerability Threatens System Compromise

    Overview

    In our digital era, the security of the Linux kernel is of paramount importance due to its widespread usage by businesses and individuals alike. A newly discovered vulnerability, known as CVE-2021-47670, threatens this security. This vulnerability could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, making it a significant concern for all Linux users.
    This blog post aims to provide an in-depth understanding of CVE-2021-47670, its potential impact, and how it can be mitigated. The vulnerability primarily affects the Linux kernel and arises from a use-after-free bug in the peak_usb module.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2021-47670
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Linux Kernel | Up to 5.13.19

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability arises from the unsafe dereferencing of the socket buffer (skb) after calling peak_usb_netif_rx_ni(skb). Specifically, the can_frame cf, which aliases the skb memory is accessed after the peak_usb_netif_rx_ni(). This leads to a use-after-free condition, which can then be exploited to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While the exact exploit code may differ based on the specific circumstances, the following is a conceptual example in pseudocode of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

    // Allocate socket buffer
struct sk_buff *skb = alloc_skb(...);
// Fill the buffer with data
...
// Call peak_usb_netif_rx_ni(), which frees the socket buffer
peak_usb_netif_rx_ni(skb);
// Access the freed buffer, leading to a use-after-free condition
struct can_frame *cf = (struct can_frame *)skb->data;

    Note: This example is for illustrative purposes only and does not represent a working exploit.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. This will resolve the vulnerability by reordering the lines involved in the issue. However, as a temporary mitigation, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can also help to detect and prevent exploitation attempts.

  • CVE-2021-47669: Linux Kernel Vulnerability Allowing Potential System Compromise

    Overview

    The Linux kernel, core to the operating system and responsible for managing system resources, has recently been identified with a significant vulnerability, CVE-2021-47669. This flaw resides in the Virtual eXtended CAN (vxcan) transmission process and is classified as a ‘use after free’ bug. This vulnerability is of particular concern to Linux users and system administrators due to the far-reaching implications of any potential exploitation. Given the Linux kernel’s ubiquity in various devices ranging from servers, personal computers, to embedded systems, this vulnerability could potentially impact a vast number of systems globally.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2021-47669
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Linux Kernel | [All versions prior to the patch]

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability occurs in the vxcan_xmit function of the Linux kernel’s Virtual eXtended CAN. The issue arises when the function calls netif_rx_ni(skb), after which dereferencing skb becomes unsafe. Particularly, the canfd_frame cfd, which aliases skb memory, is accessed after the netif_rx_ni call. Successful exploitation of this bug could lead to unauthorized information disclosure, modification, or disruption of service.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While the exact exploitation method is dependent on the specific configuration and use case of the vulnerable system, conceptually a malicious actor might exploit this vulnerability through network packets that cause the kernel to dereference a freed skb object, leading to unexpected behavior or even system compromise. This could be conceptually illustrated with the following pseudocode:

    // Create malicious packet
struct sk_buff *skb = alloc_skb(...);
...
// Fill skb with malicious data
...
// Send packet to vulnerable system
send_to_vulnerable_system(skb);
// Free skb, but it will be used later in vxcan_xmit
kfree_skb(skb);

    Mitigation Guidance

    The most reliable way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor patch. Until the patch can be applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary protection by monitoring and potentially blocking malicious network traffic that attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

  • CVE-2021-47668: Linux Kernel Vulnerability Leading to Potential System Compromise or Data Leakage

    Overview

    The Linux kernel, a crucial component that powers millions of servers and devices worldwide, has recently been found to contain a significant vulnerability, designated as CVE-2021-47668. This vulnerability pertains to a use-after-free bug in the Controller Area Network (CAN) device driver, which if exploited, could lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the widespread use of the Linux kernel in various devices and systems, from personal computers to enterprise servers, underscoring the urgent need for patching and mitigation.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2021-47668
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to use-after-free bug in the Linux kernel.

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Linux Kernel | Versions before the patched release

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability arises from a use-after-free bug in the Linux kernel’s CAN network device driver. This occurs when the kernel attempts to access a data structure (specifically, a socket buffer or skb) after it’s been freed or deallocated. In particular, a can_frame structure (cf), which aliases skb’s memory, is accessed after the netif_rx_ni() function call, resulting in a potentially unsafe dereference. This could lead to several adverse outcomes, including memory corruption, leading to a system crash or, in the worst-case scenario, arbitrary code execution.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following pseudocode illustrates the order of operations that can lead to the vulnerability:

    struct can_frame *cf;
struct sk_buff *skb;
// Receive data
skb = netif_rx_ni();
// Dereference after free
cf = (struct can_frame *)skb->data;
// This is the problematic line - accessing cf after netif_rx_ni
stats->rx_bytes += cf->len;

    To mitigate the vulnerability, the code should be reordered as follows:

    struct can_frame *cf;
struct sk_buff *skb;
// Dereference before free
cf = (struct can_frame *)skb->data;
stats->rx_bytes += cf->len;
// Then receive data
skb = netif_rx_ni();

    To protect against this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest vendor patches. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.

  • CVE-2025-25230: Elevation of Privileges Vulnerability in Omnissa Horizon Client for Windows

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, with new threats emerging every day. One of these threats is CVE-2025-25230, a recently discovered vulnerability in Omnissa Horizon Client for Windows. This vulnerability is concerning due to its potential to allow a local attacker to elevate privileges, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. As a trusted platform for remote desktop access, any security flaw in Horizon Client is a cause for concern, particularly for businesses and organizations that rely on it for their operations.
    This blog post will provide an in-depth look at CVE-2025-25230, what it involves, and how it could potentially be used against affected systems. We’ll also provide guidance for mitigating this vulnerability to help protect your systems and data.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-25230
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Omnissa Horizon Client for Windows | All current versions

    How the Exploit Works

    CVE-2025-25230 is an elevation of privileges vulnerability. This type of vulnerability exists when a lower-privileged user or process can gain higher privileges than intended by the system’s design. In the case of the Omnissa Horizon Client for Windows, a malicious actor with local access to the system may exploit this vulnerability to gain elevated privileges. This could potentially allow the actor to execute commands with higher permissions, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note that this is a simplified representation and the actual exploitation would likely involve more complex techniques and payloads.

    C:\> runas /user:Administrator "HorizonClient.exe"
Enter the password for Administrator: [malicious actor enters their password]
Attempting to start HorizonClient.exe as user "Administrator" ...

    In this example, the `runas` command is used to attempt to run the Horizon Client as an Administrator user. If the vulnerability is successfully exploited, the Horizon Client would run with Administrator privileges, potentially allowing the malicious actor to perform actions that they would not usually be permitted to do. It is important to note that this is a local attack vector, requiring the malicious actor to have physical or remote access to the system.

  • CVE-2025-22088: Use-After-Free Vulnerability in Linux Kernel RDMA/erdma Module

    Overview

    CVE-2025-22088 refers to a critical vulnerability identified in the Linux kernel, specifically within the RDMA/erdma module. This vulnerability, if exploited, could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing serious consequences for any system running the affected Linux kernel versions. Given the widespread use of Linux in numerous applications ranging from servers to embedded systems, the impact of this vulnerability can be significant.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-22088
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Linux Kernel | TBD

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploitation of this vulnerability relies on the use-after-free (UAF) flaw in the erdma_accept_newconn() function of the RDMA/erdma module in the Linux kernel. After the erdma_cep_put(new_cep) function is called, the new_cep object gets deallocated. However, subsequent code still attempts to access this deallocated object, leading to a UAF problem. An attacker could exploit this UAF problem to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges or cause the system to crash.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Given the nature of this vulnerability, an exploit would likely involve a sequence of kernel-level operations rather than a simple HTTP request or shell command. Therefore, the following pseudocode provides a conceptual illustration of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

    initialize_new_cep();
call_erdma_cep_put(new_cep);
// new_cep has been freed at this point
access_new_cep(); // This will lead to use-after-free

    This exploit would require a deep understanding of kernel internals and the specific implementation of the RDMA/erdma module.

    Mitigation and Patch Information

    The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is the application of a patch provided by the vendor. If a patch cannot be immediately applied, the use of a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these measures do not fully resolve the vulnerability and only limit the potential for exploitation.

  • CVE-2025-22085: Linux Kernel Use-After-Free Vulnerability in RDMA/Core

    Overview

    This blog post dissects a significant security vulnerability identified in the Linux kernel, specifically impacting the RDMA/Core subsystem. CVE-2025-22085, as it is officially known, has the potential to inflict serious damage on affected systems, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability matters greatly due to the widespread use of Linux in servers, embedded systems, and many other areas, meaning a large number of devices and systems could potentially be at risk.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-22085
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS Severity Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Linux Kernel | 6.14.0-rc4 and earlier versions

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability resides in the RDMA/Core subsystem of the Linux kernel. It is a use-after-free vulnerability that occurs when renaming the device name. A use-after-free error can occur when a pointer to a resource is used after it has been freed, leading to various adverse effects such as system crashes, data corruption, and, in some cases, arbitrary code execution.
    The issue was first reported by Syzbot, a software testing toolset developed by Google. It identified a slab-use-after-free condition in the nla_put function in the lib/nlattr.c file of the Linux kernel, which was triggered by a specific sequence of system calls.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While the specific exploit code for this vulnerability is not publicly available, the nature of use-after-free vulnerabilities means the exploit could conceptually involve reusing a pointer to a network device after it has been freed. This could be executed by an attacker sending a carefully crafted packet sequence to the vulnerable device, triggering the use-after-free condition and potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.

    // Conceptual pseudocode for triggering use-after-free condition
struct net_device *dev = alloc_netdev();
// The device is registered, allocated memory
register_netdev(dev);
// The device is unregistered, memory is freed
unregister_netdev(dev);
// The device is used after being freed, triggering the use-after-free
netdev_ops->ndo_start_xmit(dev);

    Mitigation and Recommendations

    The most direct mitigation is to apply the patch provided by the vendor, which resolves the use-after-free condition by ensuring that the device’s memory is not accessed after being freed. If patching is not immediately possible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) configured to detect and block malicious traffic that attempts to exploit this vulnerability can serve as a temporary measure.
    It is always recommended to follow best practice security measures such as keeping systems and software up-to-date, limiting the attack surface by disabling or uninstalling unnecessary services, and monitoring systems for unusual activity.

  • CVE-2025-22041: Linux Kernel Vulnerability in ksmbd Sessions Deregister May Lead to Potential System Compromise

    Overview

    The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recorded a significant vulnerability in the Linux kernel, which affects the ksmbd module. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-22041, is particularly concerning due to its potential to result in system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of Linux-based systems in both corporate and personal environments, this vulnerability may have serious implications for a wide range of systems, potentially affecting millions of users worldwide.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-22041
    Severity: High (7.8)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Linux Kernel | Versions prior to patch release

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from an instance of use-after-free (UAF) in the kernel’s ksmbd module, which is involved in the deregistration of sessions. This occurs in multichannel mode, where a UAF issue can arise when the second channel sets up a session through the connection of the first channel. The session, once freed through the global session table, can be accessed again through the ->sessions of the connection. This faulty sequence can potentially lead to unauthorized access or control of the affected system.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While the exact code to exploit this vulnerability is not provided to avoid misuse, a conceptual process would involve an attacker sending a specially crafted network packet which triggers the vulnerability in the ksmbd module. The attacker would need to have knowledge of the system’s configuration, specifically the use of multichannel mode.

    POST /ksmbd_session_deregister HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "channel_setup_payload": "..." }

    In this conceptual example, the “channel_setup_payload” would be crafted in a way to trigger the use-after-free vulnerability. This allows the attacker to potentially gain unauthorized access to the system or leak sensitive data.

    Mitigation Guidance

    Users are urged to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation measures. These tools can help detect and prevent attempts to exploit the vulnerability, offering some degree of protection until the patch can be applied.

  • CVE-2025-3260: Security Vulnerability in Grafana API Endpoints Leading to Permission Bypass

    Overview

    In this blog post, we are going to discuss a potentially serious security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-3260. This vulnerability is found in the /apis/dashboard.grafana.app/* endpoints and affects all API versions. The exploit allows authenticated users to bypass dashboard and folder permissions, enabling them to view, edit, or delete dashboards/folders without the necessary permissions. This vulnerability does not only impact the system’s integrity but also poses a threat to data confidentiality. Therefore, understanding the nature of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and possible mitigation steps is crucial for all organizations utilizing Grafana’s APIs.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-3260
    Severity: High (8.3 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to bypassing of dashboard and folder permissions

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Grafana API Endpoints | v0alpha1, v1alpha1, v2alpha1

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit works by manipulating the API requests sent to the /apis/dashboard.grafana.app/* endpoints. Authenticated users, including viewers, editors, and anonymous users with viewer/editor roles, can utilize the exploit to bypass dashboard and folder permissions. This allows them to view, edit, delete, and create dashboards/folders without having the required permissions. However, it’s worth noting that the vulnerability does not affect organization isolation boundaries and does not grant access to datasources.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited in an HTTP request:

    GET /apis/dashboard.grafana.app/v1alpha1/dashboards HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer <token>
{ }

    In this example, an attacker who has obtained an authentication token can send a GET request to view all the dashboards, bypassing the restrictions set in place. It’s important to note that this is a simplified example, and real-world exploitation may involve more complex methods and payload configurations.

    Mitigation Guidance

    To mitigate this vulnerability, vendors have released patches that should be applied promptly. If you cannot apply the patch immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these measures are not a permanent solution and can only serve as a stopgap until you can apply the vendor’s patch. It’s also recommended to regularly review and tighten your dashboard and folder permissions to minimize the risk of unauthorized access.

  • CVE-2025-0358: Privilege Escalation Vulnerability in VAPIX Device Configuration Framework

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is an ever-evolving battlefield where new threats emerge and existing ones evolve on a daily basis. One such threat that has come to light is the CVE-2025-0358 vulnerability. This vulnerability was discovered during an annual penetration test conducted by Truesec on behalf of Axis Communication. The flaw was identified in the VAPIX Device Configuration framework, and it allows a lower-privileged user to gain administrator privileges, posing a serious security risk to any system or network utilizing this framework. It is crucial for cybersecurity professionals and system administrators to understand the scope of this vulnerability and implement necessary measures to mitigate its potential impact.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-0358
    Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    VAPIX Device Configuration Framework | All versions up to latest

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploitation process of this vulnerability involves a lower-privileged user sending a specially crafted request to the VAPIX Device Configuration framework. Due to the flaw in the system, it fails to adequately verify the user’s access level and processes the request as if it were from an administrator. This allows the attacker to change system configurations, gain unauthorized access to sensitive data, and potentially take over the entire system.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request, where the attacker sends a malicious payload to a vulnerable endpoint:

    POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "user_role": "admin", "action": "modify", "target": "system_config", "data": { "new_config_data": "..." }}

    In the above example, the attacker is posing as an admin (“user_role”: “admin”) and is requesting to modify the system configuration (“action”: “modify”, “target”: “system_config”). The “new_config_data” contains the attacker’s desired settings.

    Mitigation Guidance

    To mitigate the risks associated with the CVE-2025-0358 vulnerability, users should apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until the patch is released and applied, it is recommended to use a web application firewall (WAF) or an intrusion detection system (IDS) as temporary mitigation. These systems can detect and block malicious requests, providing some level of protection against this exploit. However, they do not address the root cause of the vulnerability and are thus not a permanent solution.

  • CVE-2025-0324: Privilege Escalation Vulnerability in VAPIX Device Configuration Framework

    Overview

    A high-tier vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-0324, has been identified in the VAPIX Device Configuration framework. This security flaw allows for a potentially catastrophic privilege escalation where a lower-privileged user is capable of gaining administrator privileges. This vulnerability is especially critical due to the broad range of systems and applications that utilize the VAPIX framework, emphasizing the need for immediate remediation and mitigation.
    The severity of this issue is underscored by its CVSS Severity Score of 9.4. The impact of this vulnerability is a potential system compromise or data leakage, which could have significant implications for the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and services on affected systems.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-0324
    Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.4)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    VAPIX Device Configuration Framework | All versions prior to patch

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability CVE-2025-0324 in the VAPIX Device Configuration framework is related to improper access controls. An attacker can exploit this by sending a specially crafted request to the device.
    Due to the insecure permission settings, a lower-privileged user can gain elevated permissions. This allows the attacker to perform actions such as altering configuration settings, injecting malicious code, or even creating new, privileged user accounts.

    Conceptual Example Code

    An example of how the vulnerability might be exploited is shown below. This conceptual example demonstrates a HTTP request that includes a malicious payload to the vulnerable endpoint.

    POST /VAPIX/configure HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"user": "low_privilege_user",
"action": "escalate_privilege",
"target": "administrator"
}

    This request could potentially escalate the privileges of the “low_privilege_user” to those of the “administrator.

    Mitigation and Patching

    Addressing this vulnerability requires either applying the vendor patch or using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for temporary mitigation. However, it is strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available to provide a more robust and permanent solution to this critical security flaw.
    For additional protection, users should also consider implementing a principle of least privilege (PoLP) policy, ensuring that all users and processes run with as few privileges as possible. This can limit the effectiveness of any potential privilege escalation attacks in the future.

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