Author: Ameeba

Overview

CVE-2025-53546 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability that directly affects the secure functioning of Folo, a service that organizes feeds content into a single timeline. It is of significant importance due to the potential damage it can inflict on the security of repositories and the sensitive data they contain. The vulnerability resides in the improper use of pull_request_target on the .github/workflows/auto-fix-lint-format-commit.yml file, which, if exploited, can lead to unauthorized access and manipulation of the base repository.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53546
Severity: High (9.1 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Folo | All versions prior to commit 585c6a591440cd39f92374230ac5d65d7dd23d6a

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the misuse of the pull_request_target within the github/workflows/auto-fix-lint-format-commit.yml file. This misuse allows an attacker to execute untrusted code with full access to secrets from the base repository. The attacker can exploit this vulnerability to exfiltrate the GITHUB_TOKEN, which has high privileges including content write privileges, leading to a complete takeover of the repository.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual representation of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. The attacker creates a malicious pull request that includes code to export the GITHUB_TOKEN:

POST /repos/:owner/:repo/pulls HTTP/1.1
Host: api.github.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer [attacker's personal access token]
{
"title": "Fix lint errors",
"head": "attacker:fix-lint-errors",
"base": "master",
"body": "This PR fixes some lint errors. Please merge it.",
"maintainer_can_modify": true
}

In the attacker’s branch (attacker:fix-lint-errors), the .github/workflows/auto-fix-lint-format-commit.yml file will contain malicious code to exfiltrate the GITHUB_TOKEN:

name: "Auto fix lint and format commit"
on:
pull_request_target:
types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
jobs:
fix:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Checkout code
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Export GITHUB_TOKEN
run: echo "GITHUB_TOKEN=$GITHUB_TOKEN" > secrets.txt
- name: Upload secrets
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
with:
name: secrets
path: secrets.txt

Mitigation Guidance

The vulnerability is fixed in commit 585c6a591440cd39f92374230ac5d65d7dd23d6a. It is strongly recommended for all Folo users to update their systems to this commit or later as soon as possible. In the meantime, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for temporary mitigation.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system has identified a critical vulnerability in several versions of ColdFusion. Identified as CVE-2025-49535, this flaw exposes systems to an Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference (XXE) vulnerability, allowing attackers to bypass security measures. The vulnerability is particularly concerning due to its potential to facilitate unauthorized access to sensitive information or cause denial of service.
The vulnerability affects ColdFusion versions 2025.2, 2023.14, 2021.20, and all earlier versions. What makes this vulnerability particularly serious is its capacity for exploitation without any user interaction, which makes it a substantial threat to data security and system integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49535
Severity: Critical (9.3/10)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ColdFusion | 2025.2 and earlier
ColdFusion | 2023.14 and earlier
ColdFusion | 2021.20 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an XXE vulnerability in ColdFusion. An attacker can craft a malicious XML document containing an external entity declaration that points to a URI of the attacker’s choice. By sending this document to the vulnerable system, the attacker can trigger the system to dereference the external entity, leading to information disclosure, denial of service, or potentially remote code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ELEMENT foo ANY >
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>

In the above example, the attacker sends a POST request with a malicious XML payload that includes an external entity pointing to a sensitive file on the server. If the system is vulnerable, it will return the contents of this file in the response, revealing sensitive information to the attacker.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected systems should apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible to mitigate the vulnerability. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to filter out malicious XML content. However, this should not be considered a long-term solution, as it does not address the underlying vulnerability.

Overview

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, a new vulnerability has been discovered that could potentially put systems and data at risk. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-6514, is associated with the mcp-remote software, which is used for connecting to MCP servers. The vulnerability arises due to the exposure of mcp-remote to OS command injection when connecting to untrusted MCP servers, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage. This issue is especially crucial due to the high severity score of 9.6 assigned to it, indicating its potential for widespread damage if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6514
Severity: Critical (9.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

mcp-remote | All versions prior to the patched

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the crafted input from the authorization_endpoint response URL. If the mcp-remote software is connected to an untrusted MCP server, an attacker can inject commands into the authorization_endpoint response URL. Because the software does not properly sanitize the input from this URL, the injected commands are executed on the operating system running the mcp-remote software. This can lead to unauthorized access, system compromise, and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /authorization_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: untrusted.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "injectable_os_command" }

In the above example, the “injectable_os_command” is a stand-in for any command that can be executed on the operating system running mcp-remote. Once this request is sent to the software, it executes the command, leading to the potential consequences described earlier.

Mitigation and Prevention

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of mcp-remote should immediately apply the vendor patch once available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary protection by identifying and blocking suspicious activities. Regularly updating and patching your software, using trusted servers, and routinely monitoring system activities are also recommended preventative measures to enhance cybersecurity resilience.

Overview

The open-source project Docusaurus, primarily used to build, deploy, and maintain open-source project websites, is grappling with a critical security vulnerability in its gists plugin. Specifically, versions prior to 4.0.0 of the docusaurus-plugin-content-gists are susceptible to an issue that exposes GitHub Personal Access Tokens. This issue is significant as it can lead to potential system compromises and data leakage. It is crucial for all users and organizations leveraging Docusaurus, especially those using the impacted plugin, to be aware of this vulnerability and take immediate remedial action.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53624
Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

docusaurus-plugin-content-gists | versions prior to 4.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the way the Docusaurus gists plugin handles GitHub Personal Access Tokens. These tokens are intended for build-time API access only. However, due to a flaw in the plugin, these tokens get included in the client-side JavaScript bundles in production build artifacts when passed through plugin configuration options. This exposes the tokens to anyone who can view the website’s source code, and hence, opens up an avenue for malicious actors to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability by inspecting the client-side JavaScript bundles on a website employing the affected Docusaurus plugin. Conceptually, the process would look something like this:

// Fetch the source code of the website
fetch('https://vulnerable-website.com/main.js')
.then(response => response.text())
.then((data) => {
// Search for the GitHub Personal Access Token in the JavaScript bundle
let regex = /token\s*:\s*'([a-zA-Z0-9]*)'/;
let match = data.match(regex);
if (match) {
// If found, the token can be used maliciously
console.log('GitHub token found:', match[1]);
}
});

Mitigation and Vendor Patch

The vulnerability has been fixed in version 4.0.0 of the docusaurus-plugin-content-gists. Users are strongly advised to update their plugin to this version or later to mitigate the risk. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these are not long-term solutions and updating the plugin remains the most effective way to rectify this security issue.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-27203 poses a significant threat to Adobe Connect users running versions 24.0 and earlier. Adobe Connect, a widely used communication platform, could be leveraged to execute arbitrary code by an attacker, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly dangerous because of its high CVSS Severity Score and the necessity for immediate mitigation to protect sensitive data and maintain system integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-27203
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Arbitrary code execution, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Adobe Connect | 24.0 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in Adobe Connect. This vulnerability is due to insecure deserialization, where an attacker could manipulate serialized (or deserialized) data and use it to pass harmful input into the application, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution. In this case, an attacker can trigger the vulnerability through user interaction, such as enticing a user to click on a malicious link or open a compromised file, leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This code represents a malicious serialized object that, when deserialized, could lead to the execution of arbitrary code:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/serialized-object
{ "serialized_object": "rO0ABXNyABdqYXZhLnV0aWwucHJv..." }

In this example, the `serialized_object` is a base64 encoded serialized Java object that, when deserialized, could lead to execution of arbitrary code.

Mitigation and Remediation

Adobe has released a patch to address this vulnerability. All users running Adobe Connect version 24.0 or earlier should apply this patch immediately. If immediate patching is not possible, users should consider implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability, providing a layer of defense until patching can be performed.

Overview
The discovery of a security vulnerability in the popular Sala – Startup & SaaS WordPress Theme has raised alarm among the cybersecurity community. This vulnerability, assigned CVE-2025-4606, allows unauthenticated attackers to escalate their privileges via account takeover, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread usage of this theme among startups and SaaS businesses, this vulnerability poses a significant risk. It’s imperative for affected users to understand the details of this flaw and take immediate steps to mitigate its impact.
Vulnerability Summary
CVE ID: CVE-2025-4606
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to user accounts and potential system compromise or data leakage
Affected Products
Product | Affected Versions

Sala – Startup & SaaS WordPress Theme | All versions up to and including 1.1.4
How the Exploit Works
The vulnerability stems from the theme’s failure to correctly validate a user’s identity before updating their details, including the password. This omission allows an unauthenticated attacker to submit a request to change any user’s password, including administrators. Once the password is changed, the attacker can gain access to the user’s account, escalating their privileges to that of the targeted user.
Conceptual Example Code
The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Here, a malicious HTTP POST request is made to the password update endpoint of the target server, forcing the update of an arbitrary user’s password:

POST /wp-admin/password-update HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "user_id": "admin", "new_password": "malicious_password" }

In this scenario, the `user_id` field is set to the targeted user, and the `new_password` field is set to the attacker’s chosen password. Upon successful execution, the attacker would have full access to the targeted user’s account.
Mitigation Guidance
The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, users can make use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to monitor and block suspicious activities. Also, implementing measures such as multi-factor authentication and regularly monitoring account activities can help reduce the risk of unauthorized access.

Overview

The CVE-2025-7206 is a critical vulnerability found in the D-Link DIR-825 2.10, a popular network device. This vulnerability, if exploited, can lead to a system compromise or data leakage. The issue lies within the function sub_410DDC of the file switch_language.cgi of the component httpd. It specifically affects the argument ‘Language’, leading to a stack-based buffer overflow. This vulnerability is particularly concerning as the exploit has been disclosed publicly and can be remotely initiated.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-7206
Severity: Critical (CVSS score 9.8)
Attack Vector: Remote network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-825 | 2.10

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by manipulating the ‘Language’ argument of the function sub_410DDC in the file switch_language.cgi. This leads to a buffer overflow condition where the stack memory is overwritten. Once the attacker successfully overflows the buffer, they can execute arbitrary code in the context of the system. This can potentially lead to a complete system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a pseudocode example of a malicious HTTP request:

POST /switch_language.cgi HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Language=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.......

In this example, the ‘A’s represent an overly long string used to overflow the buffer. After the buffer is overflowed, an attacker could replace some of these ‘A’s with malicious code that would be executed in the context of the system.

Mitigation

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. However, as D-Link DIR-825 2.10 is no longer supported by the maintainer, users may need to seek other mitigation strategies. Using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, they are not a permanent solution and cannot completely eliminate the risk. Upgrading to a supported version or product is highly recommended.

Overview

This blog post shines a light on a critical vulnerability – CVE-2025-4855, that resides in the Support Board plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability could potentially compromise the security of numerous WordPress websites, by allowing unauthorized access, modification, or deletion of data. It is crucial for system administrators, website owners, and cybersecurity professionals to understand the details of this vulnerability, as it has a high severity score and could lead to significant data leakage or system compromise if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4855
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access, modification, or deletion of data, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Support Board plugin for WordPress | All versions up to and including 3.8.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the sb_encryption() function of the Support Board plugin. This function uses hardcoded default secrets, which can be exploited by attackers to bypass authorization. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary AJAX actions defined in the sb_ajax_execute() function. This could enable an attacker to exploit CVE-2025-4828 and other functions without authentication.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker could craft malicious HTTP requests that use the hardcoded secrets to bypass the authorization process.

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=sb_ajax_execute HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
sb_encryption_key=hardcoded_secret&sb_action=malicious_action&sb_data=malicious_data

Mitigation and Recommendations

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of the affected plugin should apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. Until the patch is applied, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure.
It is also recommended to regularly update all software and plugins to their latest versions. Regular monitoring and auditing of system logs can help in early detection of any unauthorized access attempts.
In the longer term, developers should avoid the use of hardcoded secrets in their code, as they present an inherent security risk. Instead, the use of dynamic secrets or secure secret management systems should be considered.

Overview

The CVE-2025-3498 vulnerability is a significant cybersecurity issue that impacts users of the Radiflow iSAP Smart Collector (CentOS 7 – VSAP 1.20). This vulnerability allows an unauthenticated user with management network access to retrieve and modify the device’s configuration, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread usage of the Radiflow iSAP Smart Collector in various industries, it’s crucial to understand the severity of this vulnerability, assess its potential impact, and implement necessary mitigation strategies.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3498
Severity: Critical (9.9 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Radiflow iSAP Smart Collector | CentOS 7 – VSAP 1.20

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the device’s two web servers that expose unauthenticated REST APIs on the management network (TCP ports 8084 and 8086). An attacker can exploit these APIs to access all system settings, modify the configuration, and execute certain commands, such as a system reboot.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note that this is a simplified example and does not include all potential complexities of a real-world attack scenario.

POST /api/v1/settings HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com:8084
Content-Type: application/json
{
"system_settings": {
"reboot": true
}
}

In this example, the attacker crafts a malicious HTTP POST request to the system settings endpoint of the REST API, requesting a system reboot. Since the API does not require authentication, this request is processed, leading to a system reboot.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of the affected Radiflow iSAP Smart Collector version are advised to apply the vendor’s patch to fix this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, users should consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation strategy. These systems can detect and block malicious network traffic, preventing exploitation of the vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-3499 is a critical security issue affecting devices that run two web servers with unauthenticated REST APIs on the management network. This flaw allows potential attackers to send arbitrary commands that get executed with administrative permissions by the underlying operating system. The risk is particularly high due to the lack of authentication required for accessing the REST APIs, making it an attractive target for malicious actors. It’s essential to understand the nature of this flaw, its potential impacts, and the steps required to mitigate it to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3499
Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Device running two web servers with unauthenticated REST APIs] | [All versions prior to the patch]

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the unauthenticated REST APIs exposed on TCP ports 8084 and 8086 by the device’s two web servers. An attacker can craft and send malicious OS commands to these APIs. Since these commands are executed with administrative permissions, the attacker can potentially take complete control of the system, manipulate its functionalities, or extract sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request directed towards the vulnerable endpoint:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "rm -rf / --no-preserve-root" }

In this example, the “malicious_payload” is an OS command that, when executed, deletes all files in the system. A real-world attack would likely be more sophisticated and targeted, but this demonstrates the potential severity of this vulnerability.
Please note that this is a hypothetical example and should not be used on any live system. It is intended only to illustrate the nature of this vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended solution is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method. Ensure these systems are configured to block or alert on suspicious traffic directed towards the vulnerable endpoints (TCP ports 8084 and 8086). Regularly update and patch your systems to protect against such vulnerabilities.