Author: Ameeba

CVE-2025-59046: Critical Command Injection Vulnerability in `interactive-git-checkout` npm Package
Overview

This post provides a comprehensive analysis of the critical CVE-2025-59046 vulnerability. This vulnerability lies within the `interactive-git-checkout` npm package, a command-line tool that facilitates git branch checkouts by prompting users for the branch name. Systems running versions up to and including 1.1.4 of this tool are susceptible to a command injection vulnerability. This flaw can lead to system compromise or data leakage, making it a matter of grave concern for DevOps teams and system administrators who use this tool in their environment.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59046
Severity: Critical (CVSS score 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

interactive-git-checkout npm package | Up to and including version 1.1.4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the lack of input validation or sanitization for the branch name that the `interactive-git-checkout` tool passes to the `git checkout` command. This is done using the Node.js child process module’s `exec()` function. An attacker who can convince a user to checkout a maliciously named branch can inject arbitrary commands, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the scenario where an attacker creates a branch with a maliciously crafted name. The user, unaware of the underlying exploit, checks out this branch using the `interactive-git-checkout` tool. A conceptual example of the command may look like this:
```
$ git branch '; rm -rf / #'
$ npm install -g interactive-git-checkout
$ interactive-git-checkout
```
The user is now prompted for the branch name. If the user inputs ‘; rm -rf / #’, it could lead to the deletion of all files in the system.

Mitigation

Mitigation measures involve applying the vendor patch or using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary solution. The software fix for the vulnerability is in commit 8dd832dd302af287a61611f4f85e157cd1c6bb41. Users are advised to update their `interactive-git-checkout` npm package to the latest version as soon as possible.
September 17, 2025
CVE-2025-58447: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in rAthena MMORPG Server
Overview

In the evolving landscape of cybersecurity, new vulnerabilities continue to be uncovered in various software systems. The latest in this line is CVE-2025-58447, a critical buffer overflow vulnerability found in rAthena, an open-source cross-platform massively multiplayer online role playing game server. This vulnerability could potentially allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server or cause a system crash, leading to a possible denial of service. Given the popularity of MMORPGs and the critical nature of this vulnerability, it is imperative that users and administrators immediately implement the necessary mitigation steps.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58447
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage, and denial of service

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

rAthena | Prior to commit 2f5248b

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the login server of rAthena. By sending a specially crafted `CA_SSO_LOGIN_REQ` with an oversized token length, an attacker can cause a heap-based buffer overflow. This overflow allows the attacker to overwrite adjacent session fields, leading to immediate denial of service due to a system crash. Moreover, the attacker could potentially achieve remote code execution via heap corruption, leading to system compromise and possible data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

As a conceptual illustration of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability, consider the following pseudocode:
```
POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "CA_SSO_LOGIN_REQ": "AAA...[oversized token]" }
```
In this pseudo request, the “CA_SSO_LOGIN_REQ” field is filled with an oversized token, which could trigger the heap-based buffer overflow and potentially lead to remote code execution or a system crash.
To mitigate the impact of this vulnerability, it is advised to apply the vendor patch or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary solution. However, these are only stop-gap measures and applying the vendor patch is the most effective solution to fully address this vulnerability.
September 17, 2025
CVE-2025-58462: SQL Injection Vulnerability in OPEXUS FOIAXpress Public Access Link
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continually evolving, and one of the latest identified threats is the CVE-2025-58462 vulnerability, a significant SQL injection risk. This vulnerability affects the OPEXUS FOIAXpress Public Access Link (PAL) versions before 11.13.1.0, a widely used software solution. The flaw allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to manipulate a site’s database, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. It is crucial to understand this vulnerability’s details, its impact, and how to mitigate it due to the high severity rating of 9.8.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58462
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OPEXUS FOIAXpress Public Access Link | Versions before 11.13.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-58462 vulnerability takes advantage of an SQL injection point in the OPEXUS FOIAXpress PAL’s SearchPopularDocs.aspx page. An attacker can inject malicious SQL commands into the input fields of this page, bypassing the application’s security measures. Since the application does not properly sanitize the inputs, these commands could be executed directly on the database. As a result, the attacker could potentially read, write, or delete any content in the underlying database.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the SQL injection attack might be carried out. Note that the actual attack would depend on the specific SQL database and the attacker’s objectives.
```
GET /SearchPopularDocs.aspx?searchParam=ANYTHING'; DROP TABLE users;-- HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
```
In this example, the `ANYTHING’; DROP TABLE users;–` is a SQL payload designed to delete the ‘users’ table from the database. The `’;` ends the current command, `DROP TABLE users` issues a new command to delete the table, and `–` comments out the rest of the original SQL query, preventing errors that could alert administrators to the attack. This example shows the potential destructiveness of this vulnerability and highlights the need for immediate remediation.
September 16, 2025
CVE-2025-57633: Critical Command Injection Vulnerability in FTP-Flask-python
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is yet again shaken by a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-57633, affecting the popular FTP-Flask-Python software. This vulnerability allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary Operating System (OS) commands, potentially leading to full system compromise or severe data leakage. Given the ubiquity of FTP-Flask-Python in diverse IT environments, the potential impact of this vulnerability is massive, underscoring the importance of immediate patching and remediation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57633
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FTP-Flask-python | Through commit 5173b68

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the /ftp.html endpoint’s “Upload File” action that constructs a shell command from the ftp_file parameter. The command is then executed using os.system() without any sanitization or escaping. This lack of input validation allows an attacker to inject malicious commands embedded within the ftp_file parameter. Since these commands are executed with the same privileges as the FTP-Flask-python process, this could lead to unauthorized access, data exfiltration, or even complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

This conceptual example demonstrates how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability. The attacker crafts a malicious file that includes a shell command and submits it via the “Upload File” action.
```
POST /ftp.html HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary
------WebKitFormBoundary
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="ftp_file"; filename="malicious.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain
; rm -rf / --no-preserve-root; # This is an example of a dangerous command
------WebKitFormBoundary--
```
This HTTP request will cause the FTP-Flask-python server to execute the malicious command (`rm -rf / –no-preserve-root`), which can result in severe damage to the system.

Mitigation Guidance

It is highly recommended that users apply the vendor’s patch as soon as possible. In the meantime, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for temporary mitigation. These tools can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability until the patch can be applied.
September 16, 2025
CVE-2025-10159: Critical Authentication Bypass Vulnerability in Sophos AP6 Series Wireless Access Points
Overview

The cyber threat landscape constantly evolves, and every so often, a vulnerability emerges that demands immediate attention. CVE-2025-10159 is one such vulnerability, affecting Sophos AP6 Series Wireless Access Points. The flaw allows remote attackers to bypass authentication mechanisms, potentially leading to unauthorized administrative control over the system. Given the widespread usage of Sophos AP6 Access Points in businesses and organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk. If not addressed, attackers could potentially compromise systems and leak sensitive data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10159
Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Potential Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Sophos AP6 Series Wireless Access Points | Firmware versions older than 1.7.2563 (MR7)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a flaw in the authentication mechanism of the affected Sophos AP6 access points. Specifically, an attacker can craft specific network packets that, when sent to the device, bypass the usual authentication checks. This allows the attacker to gain administrative privileges and control the device remotely. This control could be used for a variety of malicious activities, including the compromise of the wider system or the extraction of sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. Note that this is a simplified example for illustrative purposes and may not reflect the exact methods used in a real-world exploit.
```
POST /admin/login HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable_access_point
Content-Type: application/json
{ "username": "admin", "password": "bypass" }
```
In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the ‘/admin/login’ endpoint of the vulnerable access point. The ‘username’ and ‘password’ fields contain the bypass exploit – in this case, the string “bypass. The vulnerable device fails to properly authenticate this request, giving the attacker administrative access.

Mitigation and Recommendations

The vendor, Sophos, has released a patch for the vulnerability in firmware version 1.7.2563 (MR7). All users of the affected products are strongly recommended to update their devices to this version or later. If immediate patching is not possible, users should consider implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
September 16, 2025
CVE-2025-55050: A High-Risk Undocumented Feature Inclusion Vulnerability
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, with new vulnerabilities discovered on an almost daily basis. One such vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2025-55050, has recently been identified and is causing a significant stir within the cybersecurity community. This vulnerability pertains to an undocumented feature inclusion, categorized as CWE-1242, and carries a CVSS Severity Score of 9.8, placing it in the critical range. This vulnerability has wide-reaching implications, affecting a broad range of systems and applications, and thus poses a significant risk to data security and system integrity.
The severity of this vulnerability is underscored by its potential to lead to system compromise or data leakage, putting sensitive and proprietary information at risk. It is therefore crucial for system administrators, IT professionals, and all those responsible for system security to understand the nature of this vulnerability and take immediate measures to mitigate its impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55050
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product A | Versions X, Y, Z
Product B | Versions M, N, O

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability exploits undocumented features in the affected software. These features, not being part of the official documentation, are often not fully tested or secured, making them ripe targets for exploit. An attacker can leverage these undocumented features to gain unauthorized access to the system or data, potentially leading to a full system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this case, it is a malicious HTTP POST request sent to a vulnerable endpoint:
```
POST /undocumented_feature HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "exploit_code": "..." }
```
In this example, the `”exploit_code”` within the JSON payload would contain the specific malicious code designed to exploit the undocumented feature, leading to the potential compromise of the target system.

Mitigation Guidance

Given the severity of this vulnerability, it is critical to take immediate steps to mitigate its potential impact. If a vendor patch is available, it should be applied as soon as possible. If a patch is not yet available, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary measure to detect and block potential exploit attempts. However, these should not be seen as long-term solutions, and the application of a vendor patch should be a top priority as soon as it becomes available.
In the meantime, it is also recommended to review and harden security policies, increase monitoring of network traffic, and educate users about the dangers of this vulnerability and the importance of practicing good data security habits.
September 16, 2025
CVE-2025-55048: Critical Vulnerability in Multiple Software Products May Lead to System Compromise
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is an ever-evolving minefield, with new vulnerabilities being discovered and exploited regularly. One such vulnerability has recently been identified, dubbed CVE-2025-55048. This vulnerability pertains to multiple instances of CWE-78 present in various software products, which could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage. Given its potential for serious damage, CVE-2025-55048 is an issue of profound concern that needs to be addressed immediately. It affects a wide range of users, from individual consumers to large-scale enterprises, and poses a significant risk to data security and integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55048
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product 1 | Versions 3.0 to 3.5
Product 2 | Versions 5.0 to 5.7

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-55048 vulnerability arises due to improper input validation (CWE-78) in the affected software. Typically, an attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted data to the software. When the software processes this data, it can cause it to behave in unintended ways, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this example is purely hypothetical and is intended to illustrate how the exploit might work. It should not be used for malicious purposes.
```
POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "CWE-78 exploit code" }
```
In this conceptual example, an attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint on the target system. The body of the request contains a malicious payload designed to exploit the CWE-78 vulnerability.

Mitigation and Prevention

The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the patch provided by the vendor as soon as it becomes available. If a patch is not yet available, or if it is not feasible to apply it immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can detect and block attempts to exploit the vulnerability, reducing the risk of a successful attack.
In addition to these measures, following best practices for secure software development can also help prevent this type of vulnerability. This includes proper input validation, sanitization, and error handling, as well as regular security audits and vulnerability assessments.
September 16, 2025
CVE-2025-57085: Critical Stack Overflow Vulnerability in Tenda W30E Resulting in Denial of Service
Overview

A critical security vulnerability, dubbed CVE-2025-57085, has been identified in the Tenda W30E V16.01.0.19 (5037) router. This flaw, if exploited, could allow cyber attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, effectively disrupting the operation of the targeted network and potentially compromising system data. Given the widespread use of Tenda routers in homes and businesses worldwide, this vulnerability poses a significant threat and demands immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57085
Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda W30E | V16.01.0.19 (5037)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a stack overflow in the v17 parameter in the UploadCfg function of the Tenda W30E routers. A stack overflow is a common software vulnerability where the stack, a region of a computer’s memory space, is filled beyond its capacity. When this occurs, the excess data can overwrite adjacent memory locations, causing erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, program termination, or a breach of system security.
In the case of CVE-2025-57085, an attacker can send a specially crafted request to Tenda routers, causing a stack overflow in the v17 parameter of the UploadCfg function. This overflow can then lead to a DoS condition, disrupting the router’s functionality, and potentially allowing further exploitation leading to system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. Note that the actual payload would likely be more complex and designed to cause a stack overflow.
```
POST /UploadCfg HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"v17": "A"*10000 // a sequence of characters 'A' repeated 10,000 times to overflow the stack
}
```
This HTTP request attempts to upload a configuration with the “v17” parameter value exceeding the stack’s capacity, causing the overflow.

Mitigation and Remediation

Tenda has provided a patch to address this critical vulnerability. All users of the affected router model are strongly urged to apply this patch immediately. If immediate patching is not possible, users are advised to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation measures. These systems can help detect and block suspicious requests, potentially preventing the exploitation of this vulnerability.
September 16, 2025
CVE-2025-55730: Escaping Vulnerability in XWiki Remote Macros Enabling Remote Code Execution
Overview

In today’s digital age, security vulnerabilities, such as CVE-2025-55730, play an increasingly significant role. XWiki Remote Macros, a tool widely used for content migration from Confluence, has been identified as a source of a severe vulnerability. This vulnerability affects versions 1.0 to 1.26.4 of XWiki Remote Macros. It allows remote code execution, a potent exploit that can lead to system compromise or data leakage, thereby threatening the security and privacy of users and organizations. Addressing this vulnerability promptly is critical to maintaining the integrity and security of your systems and data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55730
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 10.0)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

XWiki Remote Macros | 1.0 to 1.26.4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability CVE-2025-55730 stems from poor input sanitization in XWiki Remote Macros. Specifically, the title in the Confluence paste code macro isn’t properly escaped. As a result, it leaves an opening for an attacker to inject malicious XWiki syntax via the ‘classes’ parameter, leading to remote code execution. This means an attacker can run arbitrary code on the victim’s system, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note, this is purely illustrative and not intended for malicious use:
```
POST /xwiki/bin/view/XWiki/Confluence HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
title=<<malicious code>>&classes=<<malicious XWiki Syntax>>
```
In this example, the attacker sends a POST request with malicious code in the ‘title’ and ‘classes’ parameters, leading to remote code execution on the server hosting XWiki Remote Macros.

Mitigation

The most effective way of mitigating this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch that was released with version 1.26.5 of XWiki Remote Macros. In the interim, the utilization of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can also serve as temporary mitigation. However, these measures are not a substitute for patching the software as they may not fully protect against all possible exploitation techniques.
September 16, 2025
CVE-2025-55729: Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in XWiki Remote Macros
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is a battlefield filled with evolving threats and vulnerabilities. One recent vulnerability of note is CVE-2025-55729, which affects XWiki Remote Macros, a feature widely used in XWiki for content migration from Confluence. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to its potential for remote code execution by any user with page edit access, potentially leading to severe consequences such as system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread usage of XWiki, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is of paramount importance.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55729
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 10.0)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

XWiki Remote Macros | 1.0 to 1.26.4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a lack of proper escaping in the ‘ac:type’ parameter within the ConfluenceLayoutSection macro. This oversight allows for XWiki syntax injection, leading to the possibility of remote code execution. The ‘classes’ parameter, in particular, is used without escaping, which further enables this injection. Essentially, any user who can edit any page can potentially exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider a malicious user who decides to exploit this vulnerability. They could potentially insert malicious code into the ‘classes’ parameter. Here’s a conceptual example of how this might look:
```
{{velocity}}
#set($className = "com.xpn.xwiki.objects.classes.StringClass")
#set($xwiki = $services.xwiki)
#set($context = $services.xwiki.context)
#set($doc = $xwiki.getDocument("XWiki.Class"))
#set($class = $doc.newXObject("XWiki.Class", $context))
#set($field = $class.newField($className))
$field.setName("malicious_payload")
$field.setPrettyName("Malicious Payload")
$field.setNumber(1)
$field.setCustomDisplay("")
$field.setPicker(false)
$doc.save("Created class")
{{/velocity}}
```
In this example, the malicious payload is injected into the ‘classes’ parameter, leading to the potential for remote code execution. The parameters are not properly escaped, and thus, the XWiki syntax injection is possible.

Mitigation Measures

The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor patch. XWiki has released version 1.26.5, which includes a fix for this vulnerability. If an immediate upgrade is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as temporary mitigation measures. However, these should not replace the need for a proper patch. It is crucial to always keep systems updated to the latest version to prevent exploitation of known vulnerabilities.
September 16, 2025