Author: Ameeba

Overview

The Linux kernel, a crucial component that powers millions of servers and devices worldwide, has recently been found to contain a significant vulnerability, designated as CVE-2021-47668. This vulnerability pertains to a use-after-free bug in the Controller Area Network (CAN) device driver, which if exploited, could lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the widespread use of the Linux kernel in various devices and systems, from personal computers to enterprise servers, underscoring the urgent need for patching and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2021-47668
Severity: High (7.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to use-after-free bug in the Linux kernel.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Linux Kernel | Versions before the patched release

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a use-after-free bug in the Linux kernel’s CAN network device driver. This occurs when the kernel attempts to access a data structure (specifically, a socket buffer or skb) after it’s been freed or deallocated. In particular, a can_frame structure (cf), which aliases skb’s memory, is accessed after the netif_rx_ni() function call, resulting in a potentially unsafe dereference. This could lead to several adverse outcomes, including memory corruption, leading to a system crash or, in the worst-case scenario, arbitrary code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode illustrates the order of operations that can lead to the vulnerability:

struct can_frame *cf;
struct sk_buff *skb;
// Receive data
skb = netif_rx_ni();
// Dereference after free
cf = (struct can_frame *)skb->data;
// This is the problematic line - accessing cf after netif_rx_ni
stats->rx_bytes += cf->len;

To mitigate the vulnerability, the code should be reordered as follows:

struct can_frame *cf;
struct sk_buff *skb;
// Dereference before free
cf = (struct can_frame *)skb->data;
stats->rx_bytes += cf->len;
// Then receive data
skb = netif_rx_ni();

To protect against this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest vendor patches. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, with new threats emerging every day. One of these threats is CVE-2025-25230, a recently discovered vulnerability in Omnissa Horizon Client for Windows. This vulnerability is concerning due to its potential to allow a local attacker to elevate privileges, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. As a trusted platform for remote desktop access, any security flaw in Horizon Client is a cause for concern, particularly for businesses and organizations that rely on it for their operations.
This blog post will provide an in-depth look at CVE-2025-25230, what it involves, and how it could potentially be used against affected systems. We’ll also provide guidance for mitigating this vulnerability to help protect your systems and data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25230
Severity: High (7.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Omnissa Horizon Client for Windows | All current versions

How the Exploit Works

CVE-2025-25230 is an elevation of privileges vulnerability. This type of vulnerability exists when a lower-privileged user or process can gain higher privileges than intended by the system’s design. In the case of the Omnissa Horizon Client for Windows, a malicious actor with local access to the system may exploit this vulnerability to gain elevated privileges. This could potentially allow the actor to execute commands with higher permissions, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note that this is a simplified representation and the actual exploitation would likely involve more complex techniques and payloads.

C:\> runas /user:Administrator "HorizonClient.exe"
Enter the password for Administrator: [malicious actor enters their password]
Attempting to start HorizonClient.exe as user "Administrator" ...

In this example, the `runas` command is used to attempt to run the Horizon Client as an Administrator user. If the vulnerability is successfully exploited, the Horizon Client would run with Administrator privileges, potentially allowing the malicious actor to perform actions that they would not usually be permitted to do. It is important to note that this is a local attack vector, requiring the malicious actor to have physical or remote access to the system.

Overview

CVE-2025-22088 refers to a critical vulnerability identified in the Linux kernel, specifically within the RDMA/erdma module. This vulnerability, if exploited, could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing serious consequences for any system running the affected Linux kernel versions. Given the widespread use of Linux in numerous applications ranging from servers to embedded systems, the impact of this vulnerability can be significant.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22088
Severity: High (7.8 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Linux Kernel | TBD

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation of this vulnerability relies on the use-after-free (UAF) flaw in the erdma_accept_newconn() function of the RDMA/erdma module in the Linux kernel. After the erdma_cep_put(new_cep) function is called, the new_cep object gets deallocated. However, subsequent code still attempts to access this deallocated object, leading to a UAF problem. An attacker could exploit this UAF problem to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges or cause the system to crash.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of this vulnerability, an exploit would likely involve a sequence of kernel-level operations rather than a simple HTTP request or shell command. Therefore, the following pseudocode provides a conceptual illustration of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

initialize_new_cep();
call_erdma_cep_put(new_cep);
// new_cep has been freed at this point
access_new_cep(); // This will lead to use-after-free

This exploit would require a deep understanding of kernel internals and the specific implementation of the RDMA/erdma module.

Mitigation and Patch Information

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is the application of a patch provided by the vendor. If a patch cannot be immediately applied, the use of a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these measures do not fully resolve the vulnerability and only limit the potential for exploitation.

Overview

This blog post dissects a significant security vulnerability identified in the Linux kernel, specifically impacting the RDMA/Core subsystem. CVE-2025-22085, as it is officially known, has the potential to inflict serious damage on affected systems, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability matters greatly due to the widespread use of Linux in servers, embedded systems, and many other areas, meaning a large number of devices and systems could potentially be at risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22085
Severity: High (7.8 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Linux Kernel | 6.14.0-rc4 and earlier versions

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the RDMA/Core subsystem of the Linux kernel. It is a use-after-free vulnerability that occurs when renaming the device name. A use-after-free error can occur when a pointer to a resource is used after it has been freed, leading to various adverse effects such as system crashes, data corruption, and, in some cases, arbitrary code execution.
The issue was first reported by Syzbot, a software testing toolset developed by Google. It identified a slab-use-after-free condition in the nla_put function in the lib/nlattr.c file of the Linux kernel, which was triggered by a specific sequence of system calls.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specific exploit code for this vulnerability is not publicly available, the nature of use-after-free vulnerabilities means the exploit could conceptually involve reusing a pointer to a network device after it has been freed. This could be executed by an attacker sending a carefully crafted packet sequence to the vulnerable device, triggering the use-after-free condition and potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.

// Conceptual pseudocode for triggering use-after-free condition
struct net_device *dev = alloc_netdev();
// The device is registered, allocated memory
register_netdev(dev);
// The device is unregistered, memory is freed
unregister_netdev(dev);
// The device is used after being freed, triggering the use-after-free
netdev_ops->ndo_start_xmit(dev);

Mitigation and Recommendations

The most direct mitigation is to apply the patch provided by the vendor, which resolves the use-after-free condition by ensuring that the device’s memory is not accessed after being freed. If patching is not immediately possible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) configured to detect and block malicious traffic that attempts to exploit this vulnerability can serve as a temporary measure.
It is always recommended to follow best practice security measures such as keeping systems and software up-to-date, limiting the attack surface by disabling or uninstalling unnecessary services, and monitoring systems for unusual activity.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recorded a significant vulnerability in the Linux kernel, which affects the ksmbd module. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-22041, is particularly concerning due to its potential to result in system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of Linux-based systems in both corporate and personal environments, this vulnerability may have serious implications for a wide range of systems, potentially affecting millions of users worldwide.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22041
Severity: High (7.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Linux Kernel | Versions prior to patch release

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from an instance of use-after-free (UAF) in the kernel’s ksmbd module, which is involved in the deregistration of sessions. This occurs in multichannel mode, where a UAF issue can arise when the second channel sets up a session through the connection of the first channel. The session, once freed through the global session table, can be accessed again through the ->sessions of the connection. This faulty sequence can potentially lead to unauthorized access or control of the affected system.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact code to exploit this vulnerability is not provided to avoid misuse, a conceptual process would involve an attacker sending a specially crafted network packet which triggers the vulnerability in the ksmbd module. The attacker would need to have knowledge of the system’s configuration, specifically the use of multichannel mode.

POST /ksmbd_session_deregister HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "channel_setup_payload": "..." }

In this conceptual example, the “channel_setup_payload” would be crafted in a way to trigger the use-after-free vulnerability. This allows the attacker to potentially gain unauthorized access to the system or leak sensitive data.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are urged to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation measures. These tools can help detect and prevent attempts to exploit the vulnerability, offering some degree of protection until the patch can be applied.

Overview

In this blog post, we are going to discuss a potentially serious security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-3260. This vulnerability is found in the /apis/dashboard.grafana.app/* endpoints and affects all API versions. The exploit allows authenticated users to bypass dashboard and folder permissions, enabling them to view, edit, or delete dashboards/folders without the necessary permissions. This vulnerability does not only impact the system’s integrity but also poses a threat to data confidentiality. Therefore, understanding the nature of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and possible mitigation steps is crucial for all organizations utilizing Grafana’s APIs.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3260
Severity: High (8.3 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to bypassing of dashboard and folder permissions

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Grafana API Endpoints | v0alpha1, v1alpha1, v2alpha1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by manipulating the API requests sent to the /apis/dashboard.grafana.app/* endpoints. Authenticated users, including viewers, editors, and anonymous users with viewer/editor roles, can utilize the exploit to bypass dashboard and folder permissions. This allows them to view, edit, delete, and create dashboards/folders without having the required permissions. However, it’s worth noting that the vulnerability does not affect organization isolation boundaries and does not grant access to datasources.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited in an HTTP request:

GET /apis/dashboard.grafana.app/v1alpha1/dashboards HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer <token>
{ }

In this example, an attacker who has obtained an authentication token can send a GET request to view all the dashboards, bypassing the restrictions set in place. It’s important to note that this is a simplified example, and real-world exploitation may involve more complex methods and payload configurations.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, vendors have released patches that should be applied promptly. If you cannot apply the patch immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these measures are not a permanent solution and can only serve as a stopgap until you can apply the vendor’s patch. It’s also recommended to regularly review and tighten your dashboard and folder permissions to minimize the risk of unauthorized access.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is an ever-evolving battlefield where new threats emerge and existing ones evolve on a daily basis. One such threat that has come to light is the CVE-2025-0358 vulnerability. This vulnerability was discovered during an annual penetration test conducted by Truesec on behalf of Axis Communication. The flaw was identified in the VAPIX Device Configuration framework, and it allows a lower-privileged user to gain administrator privileges, posing a serious security risk to any system or network utilizing this framework. It is crucial for cybersecurity professionals and system administrators to understand the scope of this vulnerability and implement necessary measures to mitigate its potential impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-0358
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

VAPIX Device Configuration Framework | All versions up to latest

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation process of this vulnerability involves a lower-privileged user sending a specially crafted request to the VAPIX Device Configuration framework. Due to the flaw in the system, it fails to adequately verify the user’s access level and processes the request as if it were from an administrator. This allows the attacker to change system configurations, gain unauthorized access to sensitive data, and potentially take over the entire system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request, where the attacker sends a malicious payload to a vulnerable endpoint:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "user_role": "admin", "action": "modify", "target": "system_config", "data": { "new_config_data": "..." }}

In the above example, the attacker is posing as an admin (“user_role”: “admin”) and is requesting to modify the system configuration (“action”: “modify”, “target”: “system_config”). The “new_config_data” contains the attacker’s desired settings.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the risks associated with the CVE-2025-0358 vulnerability, users should apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until the patch is released and applied, it is recommended to use a web application firewall (WAF) or an intrusion detection system (IDS) as temporary mitigation. These systems can detect and block malicious requests, providing some level of protection against this exploit. However, they do not address the root cause of the vulnerability and are thus not a permanent solution.

Overview

A high-tier vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-0324, has been identified in the VAPIX Device Configuration framework. This security flaw allows for a potentially catastrophic privilege escalation where a lower-privileged user is capable of gaining administrator privileges. This vulnerability is especially critical due to the broad range of systems and applications that utilize the VAPIX framework, emphasizing the need for immediate remediation and mitigation.
The severity of this issue is underscored by its CVSS Severity Score of 9.4. The impact of this vulnerability is a potential system compromise or data leakage, which could have significant implications for the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and services on affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-0324
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.4)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

VAPIX Device Configuration Framework | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability CVE-2025-0324 in the VAPIX Device Configuration framework is related to improper access controls. An attacker can exploit this by sending a specially crafted request to the device.
Due to the insecure permission settings, a lower-privileged user can gain elevated permissions. This allows the attacker to perform actions such as altering configuration settings, injecting malicious code, or even creating new, privileged user accounts.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how the vulnerability might be exploited is shown below. This conceptual example demonstrates a HTTP request that includes a malicious payload to the vulnerable endpoint.

POST /VAPIX/configure HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"user": "low_privilege_user",
"action": "escalate_privilege",
"target": "administrator"
}

This request could potentially escalate the privileges of the “low_privilege_user” to those of the “administrator.

Mitigation and Patching

Addressing this vulnerability requires either applying the vendor patch or using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for temporary mitigation. However, it is strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available to provide a more robust and permanent solution to this critical security flaw.
For additional protection, users should also consider implementing a principle of least privilege (PoLP) policy, ensuring that all users and processes run with as few privileges as possible. This can limit the effectiveness of any potential privilege escalation attacks in the future.

Overview

The cybersecurity world is in a state of high alert due to the discovery of a critical vulnerability, dubbed CVE-2025-49113, in Roundcube Webmail. This vulnerability affects versions before 1.5.10 and 1.6.x before 1.6.11. The flaw allows an authenticated user to execute remote code, presenting a significant threat to system integrity and data security. In an era where email communication forms a significant part of organizational operations, this vulnerability presents real and imminent danger. The high CVSS Severity Score of 9.9 underpins its seriousness and highlights the immediate action required.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49113
Severity: Critical (9.9 out of 10)
Attack Vector: Web-based (HTTP)
Privileges Required: User level
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System Compromise, Potential Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Roundcube Webmail | Before 1.5.10
Roundcube Webmail | 1.6.x before 1.6.11

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the lack of validation of the `_from` parameter in a URL in `program/actions/settings/upload.php`. As a result, it allows PHP Object Deserialization, which, in turn, enables remote code execution. An attacker with user-level privileges can exploit this loophole to manipulate serialized objects, leading to the unintended execution of malicious code. This can compromise the system and potentially lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example showcasing how the vulnerability might be exploited, using a malicious HTTP POST request:

POST /program/actions/settings/upload.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"_from": "a:2:{i:0;O:8:\"stdClass\":0:{}i:1;s:117:\"system('malicious_command');\";}"
}

In this example, `malicious_command` represents the command that an attacker wants to execute on the victim’s system. The string after `_from` is a serialized PHP object that, when deserialized, causes the `system` function to execute the malicious command. This example serves purely for illustrative purposes and underscores the severity of the CVE-2025-49113 vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

Given the severity of this vulnerability, it is highly recommended that users apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. Before the patch is available or applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These systems can monitor and block suspicious activities, reducing the risk of a successful exploit. However, they cannot wholly eliminate the risk, and applying the patch should be the primary action. The overall emphasis should be on proactive cybersecurity hygiene, including regular software updates, to maintain system integrity and data security.
In conclusion, CVE-2025-49113 is a severe vulnerability in Roundcube Webmail that requires immediate attention and action. It underscores the importance of thorough input validation and the potential risks associated with deserialization of untrusted data. It also serves as a reminder that cybersecurity is an ever-evolving landscape, and staying updated is key to maintaining a strong defense against threats.

Overview

The CVE-2025-22040 is a critical vulnerability discovered in the Linux kernel that could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This bug, found in the ksmbd (Kernel SMB server for Linux), is capable of causing significant damage if exploited, potentially granting unauthorized access to sensitive data, or giving a malicious actor control over a system. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the vast number of systems running on the Linux kernel, making it a widespread risk that demands immediate attention and action.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22040
Severity: High (7.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Linux Kernel | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is a race condition between session setup and ksmbd_sessions_deregister. In a race condition, the behavior of the software depends on the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events. In this case, the session can be freed before the connection is added to the session’s channel list, which can lead to unauthorized access or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

While an exact exploit code cannot be provided due to ethical considerations, a conceptual understanding can be given. The exploiter would need to create a situation where multiple requests are made to set up and deregister sessions concurrently. This could potentially cause the session to be freed before the connection is added to the channel list.

# Conceptual shell command to create concurrent requests
for i in {1..1000}; do
(curl -X POST "http://target.example.com/session-setup" &)
(curl -X POST "http://target.example.com/session-deregister" &)
done

This example illustrates the concept of making concurrent requests to the same server, potentially triggering the race condition.

Mitigation and Recommendations

The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor-supplied patch. If a patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching your systems is a fundamental part of maintaining good cybersecurity hygiene. It is also recommended to perform regular security audits to discover and address vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-22040 in a timely manner.