Author: Ameeba

CVE-2025-28388: Hardcoded Credentials Vulnerability in OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is an ever-evolving terrain, with new vulnerabilities surfacing regularly. One such vulnerability, CVE-2025-28388, affects OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0, a widely used software management platform. This post aims to provide an in-depth examination of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and recommended mitigation strategies.
The vulnerability stems from hardcoded service account credentials within the software. This is a serious security flaw that can grant unauthorized users system access, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it is crucial for users of OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0 to understand and mitigate this risk promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28388
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenC3 COSMOS | v6.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is due to hardcoded credentials for the service account present in the OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0 software. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by using these hardcoded credentials to gain unauthorized access to the system. This unauthorized access can lead to system compromise, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code, modify system settings, access sensitive data, or disrupt service availability.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example presents a shell command that an attacker might use to exploit the vulnerability:
```
# Exploit the hardcoded credentials
curl -X POST "http://target-domain.com/login" -d '{"username":"hardcoded_username", "password":"hardcoded_password"}'
```
In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the login endpoint of the target system using the hardcoded credentials. If successful, this would grant the attacker unauthorized access to the system.

Recommended Mitigation

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor’s official patch. If this is not immediately possible, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by detecting and blocking attempted exploits. However, these are not foolproof and should only be considered as interim solutions until the official patch can be applied.
It is also recommended to regularly review system accounts and credentials, removing or updating any unnecessary or insecure entries. This is a good security practice that can prevent similar vulnerabilities in the future.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-28386: Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continuously evolving with new vulnerabilities being discovered on a regular basis. One such recently uncovered security flaw is the CVE-2025-28386. This vulnerability exists in the Plugin Management component of OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0, a widely used platform for building and managing complex computing infrastructures. This vulnerability is of high significance due to the potential for remote code execution (RCE), allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code via a maliciously crafted .txt file.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28386
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenC3 COSMOS | v6.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is primarily due to improper validation of user-supplied input within the Plugin Management component of the OpenC3 COSMOS software. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting a .txt file and uploading it to the vulnerable system. The system then executes the malicious code unknowingly, leading to unauthorized actions. The extent of these actions is dependent on the nature of the code executed, but can range from data leakage to full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Assuming the attacker has knowledge of the file upload endpoint, a potential exploitation of this vulnerability may look like this:
```
POST /plugin/upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: text/plain
{ "malicious_code": "exec('rm -rf /');" }
```
In the above example, the attacker has crafted a .txt file with malicious code that, when executed, would delete all files from the root directory of the targeted system. Note that this is a simplified conceptual example and real-world exploits may be far more complex.

Mitigation and Solution

Users and administrators of OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0 are strongly advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch to mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, users are recommended to employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can be configured to block or alert on suspicious file uploads, potentially preventing successful exploitation.
However, these are just temporary solutions and won’t fully secure the system. It’s critical to install the official patch as soon as possible to effectively resolve the vulnerability.

Conclusion

Cybersecurity is a constantly changing field that requires constant vigilance to stay ahead of potential threats and vulnerabilities. Staying informed and proactive in applying patches and updates is a crucial part of maintaining a secure environment. CVE-2025-28386 serves as a reminder of the importance of this, given the potential severity it possesses. As always, we recommend regular scanning and updating of systems to ensure they are protected from known vulnerabilities.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-46060: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in TOTOLINK N600R
Overview

In today’s ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape, a new critical vulnerability has been identified in TOTOLINK N600R v4.3.0cu.7866_B2022506. Labeled as CVE-2025-46060, this vulnerability poses a significant risk to the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the systems that use the affected device. It is particularly alarming as it allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Organizations that use the affected TOTOLINK N600R firmware version should prioritize mitigation measures to prevent potential exploits.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46060
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK N600R | v4.3.0cu.7866_B2022506

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the UPLOAD_FILENAME component of the TOTOLINK N600R firmware. A buffer overflow occurs when a program writes more data to a buffer than it’s capable of holding. In this case, an attacker sends an overly large filename to the UPLOAD_FILENAME component. The overflow of data can overwrite adjacent memory locations, causing the program to crash or execute arbitrary code.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability could be exploited:
```
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="a_long_filename_that_causes_buffer_overflow.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain
malicious_payload
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--
```
In this example, the filename is excessively long, causing a buffer overflow in the UPLOAD_FILENAME component. The malicious payload could be any code that the attacker wants the system to execute.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of affected versions should immediately apply the patch provided by the vendor. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by blocking or alerting on attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Always remember that these are just temporary solutions and should not replace the permanent fix provided by the vendor.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the CVE-2025-46060 vulnerability is a critical risk that requires immediate attention. By understanding the nature of the threat and taking swift and appropriate action, organizations can protect their systems from potential compromise. With the ever-present danger of cyber threats, maintaining a robust security posture is not just an option, but a necessity.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-45988: Command Injection Vulnerabilities in Blink Routers
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is always fraught with threats, some more severe than others. In this post, we’ll delve into a critical vulnerability that affects multiple versions of Blink routers. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-45988, presents a significant risk due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage. It is a command injection vulnerability, which is a type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on a host system. With a CVSS Severity Score of 9.8, this issue is of serious concern and demands immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45988
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BL-WR9000 | V2.4.9
BL-AC2100_AZ3 | V1.0.4
BL-X10_AC8 | v1.0.5
BL-LTE300 | v1.2.3
BL-F1200_AT1 | v1.0.0
BL-X26_AC8 | v1.2.8
BLAC450M_AE4 | v4.0.0
BL-X26_DA3 | v1.2.7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is a result of poor input validation within the bs_SetCmd function. This function, which is designed to handle command parameters, fails to properly sanitize the ‘cmd’ input. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request containing malicious commands. Once the command is processed by the bs_SetCmd function, the injected commands are executed with the privileges of the application.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability. The attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable endpoint on the router with a malicious payload that contains the injected commands:
```
POST /bs_SetCmd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "cmd": "; injected_command_here ;" }
```
The router’s bs_SetCmd function fails to validate and sanitize the POST request, leading to the execution of the injected command. The severity of this vulnerability can’t be overstated, as it grants an attacker the ability to run any command on the system with the privileges of the application, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

The most effective mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These tools can help to detect and block malicious requests that attempt to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are only temporary measures and cannot substitute for applying the vendor patch.
As a best practice, always apply the latest security patches and updates to all your systems and devices. Regular patching is one of the most effective ways to protect your systems from known vulnerabilities.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-45987: Critical Command Injection Vulnerabilities in Multiple Blink Routers
Overview

In this blog post, we will examine the critical vulnerabilities discovered in several models of Blink routers, identified as CVE-2025-45987. These vulnerabilities can lead to command injection attacks, which have the potential to compromise the system or lead to data leakage. The affected routers are widely used in both residential and commercial environments, making this a significant issue of concern for many. With a CVSS severity score of 9.8, these vulnerabilities must be addressed immediately to prevent potential security breaches.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45987
Severity: Critical with a CVSS score of 9.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Blink BL-WR9000 | V2.4.9
Blink BL-AC2100_AZ3 | V1.0.4
Blink BL-X10_AC8 | v1.0.5
Blink BL-LTE300 | v1.2.3
Blink BL-F1200_AT1 | v1.0.0
Blink BL-X26_AC8 | v1.2.8
Blink BLAC450M_AE4 | v4.0.0
Blink BL-X26_DA3 | v1.2.7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerabilities stem from improper validation of the ‘dns1’ and ‘dns2’ parameters in the ‘bs_SetDNSInfo’ function. This lack of validation allows an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary commands on the system. The attacker can exploit this vulnerability remotely over the network without requiring any authentication or user interaction.

Conceptual Example Code

To illustrate the vulnerability, consider the following hypothetical HTTP request. In this example, the attacker sends a malicious POST request to the router’s web interface, injecting arbitrary commands into the ‘dns1’ and ‘dns2’ parameters.
```
POST /bs_SetDNSInfo HTTP/1.1
Host: target_blink_router
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
dns1=8.8.8.8;%20malicious_command&dns2=8.8.4.4;%20malicious_command
```
Mitigation

Users of the affected Blink routers should immediately apply the patches provided by the vendor. If a patch is not yet available or cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on suspicious DNS settings manipulation, thereby preventing exploitation of this vulnerability.
Remember, regular patching and system updates are essential to maintain a strong security posture. Ignoring such vulnerabilities can expose your network to potential compromises and data breaches. Stay updated, stay secure.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-45986: Critical Command Injection Vulnerability in Blink Routers
Overview

The cybersecurity field is always on high alert for any vulnerabilities that could compromise the security of systems and networks. In this blog post, we’re discussing a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-45986, that affects multiple versions of Blink routers. This vulnerability, if exploited, can lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant threat to the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of your data and systems.
Blink routers are widely used in homes and businesses, making this a concern for a broad range of users, from individual consumers to large corporations. The exploit takes advantage of a command injection vulnerability, which allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the system. This is a severe vulnerability that has been rated with a CVSS score of 9.8, emphasizing the urgency in addressing this issue.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45986
Severity: Critical, CVSS 9.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BL-WR9000 | V2.4.9
BL-AC2100_AZ3 | V1.0.4
BL-X10_AC8 | v1.0.5
BL-LTE300 | v1.2.3
BL-F1200_AT1 | v1.0.0
BL-X26_AC8 | v1.2.8
BLAC450M_AE4 | v4.0.0
BL-X26_DA3 | v1.2.7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the bs_SetMacBlack function of the affected router firmware. This function accepts a ‘mac’ parameter without validating or sanitizing the input effectively. As a result, an attacker can inject malicious commands through this parameter, which are then executed by the system. This type of attack, known as command injection, can have devastating effects, including system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP POST request where a malicious command is injected through the ‘mac’ parameter.
```
POST /bs_SetMacBlack HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"mac": ";[malicious_command]"
}
```
In this example, ‘[malicious_command] would be replaced with the actual command that the attacker wishes to execute on the system. The semicolon preceding the command is used to separate it from any preceding commands, allowing it to be executed independently.
Please note: This example is purely conceptual and meant for educational purposes. Attempting to exploit this vulnerability could be illegal and against the ethical guidelines of responsible cybersecurity.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-45985: High-Risk Command Injection Vulnerability in Blink Routers
Overview

A critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-45985, has been discovered in several models of Blink routers. This vulnerability exposes a significant risk to both individuals and businesses, as it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. Blink routers are widely used around the globe, hence the discovery of this vulnerability is of considerable concern to the cybersecurity community.
The vulnerability lies within the bs_SetSSIDHide function and is classified as a command injection vulnerability. Command injection vulnerabilities are particularly dangerous, as they allow attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the host operating system, which can lead to a full system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45985
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Blink BL-WR9000 | V2.4.9
Blink BL-AC2100_AZ3 | V1.0.4
Blink BL-X10_AC8 | v1.0.5
Blink BL-LTE300 | v1.2.3
Blink BL-F1200_AT1 | v1.0.0
Blink BL-X26_AC8 | v1.2.8
Blink BLAC450M_AE4 | v4.0.0
Blink BL-X26_DA3 | v1.2.7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is a command injection flaw within the bs_SetSSIDHide function. This function is vulnerable because it fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input. An attacker can leverage this flaw to inject and execute arbitrary shell commands on the host system, potentially leading to a complete system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of exploiting this vulnerability. The attacker sends a malicious payload via an HTTP POST request to the vulnerable endpoint.
```
POST /bs_SetSSIDHide HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "ssid": "; rm -rf /;" }
```
In this example, the attacker is injecting a shell command (`rm -rf /`) which, if executed, will delete all files on the target system. Please note that this is a highly destructive command and is used here purely for illustrative purposes.

Mitigation

It is recommended to apply the security patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible. In case the patch cannot be immediately applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. They should be configured to detect and block command injection attempts.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-45984: Critical Command Injection Vulnerability Detected in Blink Routers
Overview

Discovered in a collection of Blink routers, the CVE-2025-45984 vulnerability is a command injection flaw that can be exploited via the routepwd parameter in a particular function. This vulnerability exposes several models of the routers, putting countless devices and networks at risk. With a CVSS Severity Score of 9.8, this vulnerability is classified as a critical threat. If not addressed promptly, this could lead to severe consequences, including potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45984
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BL-WR9000 | V2.4.9
BL-AC1900 | V1.0.2
BL-AC2100_AZ3 | V1.0.4
BL-X10_AC8 | V1.0.5
BL-LTE300 | V1.2.3
BL-F1200_AT1 | V1.0.0
BL-X26_AC8 | V1.2.8
BLAC450M_AE4 | V4.0.0
BL-X26_DA3 | V1.2.7

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a command injection vulnerability present in the sub_45B238 function of the affected Blink routers. The attacker can inject commands into the routepwd parameter of this function, which the system will then execute. This can lead to unauthorized access to the system, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary commands, potentially compromising the system or leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

This conceptual example shows how an HTTP request containing a malicious payload could exploit this vulnerability:
```
POST /sub_45B238 HTTP/1.1
Host: target-router
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
routepwd=;{malicious_command}
```
In this example, `{malicious_command}` is a placeholder for the actual command that an attacker wants the system to execute.

Mitigation and Prevention

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch promptly. Until the patch can be applied, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent exploitation of this vulnerability. Regularly updating and patching systems, along with monitoring network activity for any unusual patterns, can also help prevent such vulnerabilities from being exploited.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-49181: Unauthorized API Endpoint Access Leading to Denial of Service and Data Leakage
Overview

The disclosed vulnerability, CVE-2025-49181, is a significant security flaw that exposes sensitive system data to unauthorized users due to absence of proper authentication for an API endpoint. This vulnerability has broad implications, affecting any systems and entities that rely on this API for their operations. The exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and data leakage, which is a significant threat to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of systems and data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49181
Severity: High (8.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Insert product] | [Insert affected version]
[Insert product] | [Insert affected version]

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from an unsecured API endpoint that does not properly authenticate incoming HTTP requests. As a consequence, an attacker can send HTTP GET requests to the API endpoint and gather sensitive information without authorization. Furthermore, the attacker can send HTTP POST requests to modify the path of the log files and the TCP ports the service runs on, causing disruption of the service and possibly leading to a DoS attack.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a hypothetical example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example demonstrates an unauthorized HTTP POST request that can modify the root path of the log files and the TCP ports:
```
POST /api/vulnerable_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"new_log_path": "/malicious/path",
"tcp_ports": [80, 443]
}
```
In this example, the attacker sends a malicious payload that changes the root path of the log files, potentially causing service disruptions or data leakage. Furthermore, the attacker modifies the TCP ports the service runs on, potentially leading to a Denial of Service attack.

Mitigation

To address CVE-2025-49181, it’s recommended to apply the vendor’s patch once it becomes available. In the meantime, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation, protecting against unauthorized HTTP requests. These systems can detect and block malicious traffic, preventing exploitation of this vulnerability.
June 19, 2025
CVE-2025-29902: A High-Risk Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving with new vulnerabilities surfacing frequently. One of the most recent and concerning is the CVE-2025-29902. This high-risk vulnerability allows remote code execution by unauthorized users, potentially leading to a full system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability affects a broad range of systems, posing a great threat to organizations worldwide due to its high severity and the potential for significant damage if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29902
Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product A | Version 1.0 to 2.5
Product B | Version 3.0 to 4.7
Please note that this is a hypothetical list. The actual affected products and versions may vary.

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-29902 vulnerability allows unauthorized users to execute arbitrary code remotely on a server machine. This is typically achieved by sending a specially crafted request to the target system. The vulnerability stems from a flaw in the processing logic of certain data, which when triggered, can lead to unauthorized code execution. The executed code runs with the same privileges as the process that contains the vulnerability, potentially leading to a full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:
```
POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "code_to_be_executed" }
```
In this example, a malicious HTTP request is sent to a vulnerable endpoint on the target server. The `malicious_payload` in the request body contains the arbitrary code that the attacker wants to execute on the server.

Recommendations for Mitigation

To mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability, it is highly recommended to apply any available patch from the vendor as soon as possible. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be utilized to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these measures only offer temporary protection and do not resolve the underlying issue, so applying the vendor’s patch remains the best course of action.
In addition, organizations should implement robust security practices such as regular patch management, system hardening, and continuous monitoring to prevent future vulnerabilities and potential breaches.
Remember, in cybersecurity, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
June 19, 2025