Author: Ameeba

CVE-2025-41255: Unrestricted TLS Certificate Handling in Cyberduck and Mountain Duck
Overview

CVE-2025-41255 is a severe vulnerability that affects the popular open-source clients, Cyberduck and Mountain Duck. This vulnerability arises due to the erroneous handling of TLS certificate pinning for untrusted certificates, such as self-signed ones. The systems unnecessarily install these certificates to the Windows Certificate Store of the current user, without any restrictions, thereby opening the door to potential system compromise or data leakage. It is critical to address this issue, given the widespread use of these two applications in managing cloud storage and FTP servers.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41255
Severity: High (8.0 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Cyberduck | Up to 9.1.6
Mountain Duck | Up to 4.17.5

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper handling of TLS certificate pinning in Cyberduck and Mountain Duck. When these applications encounter an untrusted certificate, they should reject it to maintain secure connections. However, due to this vulnerability, these applications instead install the untrusted certificate into the Windows Certificate Store of the current user. This behavior can be exploited by an attacker, who can present a self-signed certificate to these applications. Once installed, the attacker can potentially compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:
```
POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
certificate=-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----[malicious_certificate]-----END CERTIFICATE-----
```
In this example, the attacker sends a self-signed certificate to the vulnerable endpoint. The applications, instead of rejecting the certificate, install it into the Windows Certificate Store, giving the attacker the opportunity to compromise the system or leak data.
July 2, 2025
CVE-2025-52890: Critical ACL Bypass Vulnerability in Incus System Container and Virtual Machine Manager
Overview

The cyber world is under a significant threat from a recently disclosed vulnerability CVE-2025-52890. This vulnerability resides in the Incus system container and virtual machine manager, specifically affecting versions 6.12 and 6.13. The flaw lies in the generation of nftables rules that inadvertently bypass integral security options, leading to potential ARP spoofing and VM/container spoofing on the same bridge. The reason this vulnerability is of critical concern is because of its potential to compromise entire systems or lead to severe data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52890
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or significant data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Incus system container manager | 6.12, 6.13
Incus virtual machine manager | 6.12, 6.13

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a flaw in Incus’s generation of nftables rules when using an ACL on a device connected to a bridge. These rules partially bypass security options like `security.mac_filtering`, `security.ipv4_filtering`, and `security.ipv6_filtering`. This bypass can lead to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing on the bridge. The attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to fully spoof another VM/container on the same bridge, leading to unauthorized access or data theft.

Conceptual Example Code

Suppose an attacker has gained access to the network and can send arbitrary packets. Given the vulnerable Incus versions 6.12 or 6.13, they could send a specifically crafted ARP packet like this:
```
arp -s [target IP] [attacker MAC] -i [bridge interface]
```
This command sends an ARP reply to the target, falsely associating the attacker’s MAC address with the target IP. Once this spoofing is accepted by the target, all traffic meant for the target IP could end up at the attacker’s machine, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is advised to apply the vendor patch mentioned in commit 254dfd2483ab8de39b47c2258b7f1cf0759231c8. As an alternative or temporary mitigation, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used.
July 2, 2025
CVE-2025-48954: Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerability in Discourse Social Login
Overview

This blog post discusses a significant cybersecurity vulnerability, classified under CVE-2025-48954, that affects the open-source discussion platform, Discourse. The vulnerability results from an improper content security policy (CSP) handling, leading to a potential cross-site scripting (XSS) attack when using social logins. This issue plagues all versions of Discourse prior to 3.5.0.beta6.
The severity of this vulnerability lies in its potential to compromise systems or lead to data leaks, impacting not just individual users but also businesses that leverage Discourse for community engagement. A successful exploit could lead to unauthorized control over data and systems, creating a serious security threat.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48954
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Discourse | Prior to 3.5.0.beta6

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises from the Discourse platform’s failure to enforce a content security policy when using social logins. An attacker can exploit this flaw by injecting malicious scripts into the webpage. When a user interacts with the infected application, the malicious script is executed, potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensitive data or control over the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using an HTTP request:
```
POST /social_login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"callback_url": "javascript:malicious_code_here"
}
```
In this pseudo-code, the “callback_url” contains malicious JavaScript code that can execute when the user interacts with the social login feature.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended solution to protect against this vulnerability is to upgrade to Discourse version 3.5.0.beta6 or later, which contains a patch for the issue. If an upgrade is not immediately possible, users should ensure that the content security policy is enabled as a temporary workaround. Using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can also provide temporary protection against potential exploits. However, these measures should be seen as temporary fixes, and users are advised to apply the vendor patch for complete resolution of the vulnerability.
July 2, 2025
CVE-2025-6436: Critical Memory Safety Bugs in Firefox and Thunderbird Potentially Allowing Arbitrary Code Execution
Overview

The cybersecurity community has been alerted to a critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-6436, primarily affecting the widely-used web browser, Firefox, and the open-source email client, Thunderbird. This vulnerability pertains specifically to versions 139 or earlier of these applications. The severity of this bug lies in its potential to compromise memory safety, leading to the possible execution of arbitrary code. These types of vulnerabilities are particularly worrisome as they can lead to a complete system compromise or potential data leakage, making it a matter of great concern for individual users and organizations alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6436
Severity: Critical, with a CVSS score of 8.1
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential execution of arbitrary code leading to system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | Versions < 140 Thunderbird | Versions < 140 How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises from memory safety bugs present in Firefox and Thunderbird. Some of these bugs have demonstrated evidence of memory corruption, implying that a remote attacker could potentially manipulate memory in a way that allows the execution of arbitrary code. This code execution can then be used to compromise the system or lead to unauthorized data access. The attacker would likely need to trick the user into visiting a malicious webpage or opening a malicious email to exploit the vulnerability.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit a vulnerable web browser through the execution of malicious JavaScript:
```
<script>
var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(128);
var uint8View = new Uint8Array(buffer);
// Fill the buffer with data that triggers the vulnerability
for (var i = 0; i < uint8View.length; i++) {
uint8View[i] = /*malicious_data*/;
}
// Exploit the vulnerability to execute arbitrary code
exploitVulnerability(buffer);
</script>
```
In this conceptual example, the attacker creates an ArrayBuffer and fills it with data that can exploit the memory safety bug when processed by the vulnerable application. The function “exploitVulnerability(buffer)” represents the attacker’s arbitrary code, which may be designed to compromise the system or exfiltrate data.
To mitigate this vulnerability, it is strongly recommended to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as possible. If immediate patching is not possible, using Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation measures.
July 1, 2025
CVE-2025-6435: Firefox Vulnerability Leading to Potential System Compromise and Data Leakage
Overview

CVE-2025-6435 is a serious security vulnerability affecting versions of Firefox prior to 140. It stems from an issue in the browser’s Devtools, specifically within the Network tab’s ‘Save As’ context menu option. This flaw could lead to a user inadvertently running a potentially malicious executable, thereby compromising their system or leading to data leakage. Given the popularity of Firefox and the potential widespread impact of this vulnerability, it is crucial for users and administrators to understand the nature of this flaw and take necessary steps to mitigate it.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6435
Severity: High (CVSS score 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 140 How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages the ‘Save As’ function in the Network tab of Firefox’s Devtools. When a user saves a response using this function, the resulting file may not have the ‘.download‘ extension. This could lead the user to mistake the file’s nature, potentially opening an executable file believing it to be an innocuous download. If this file contains malicious code, it could then be executed on the user’s system, leading to compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this might be exploited could involve a malicious actor crafting a payload to be delivered through the browser’s network responses. The user, believing they’re saving a harmless file, could inadvertently save and execute this malicious payload. For illustrative purposes, a sample HTTP response might look like this:
```
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 23 May 2025 22:38:34 GMT
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="example"
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }
```
In this example, the malicious payload is embedded within the HTTP response. If saved and executed by the user, it could lead to the exploitation of CVE-2025-6435.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users should apply the vendor-supplied patch for Firefox. If for some reason this is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems could potentially identify and block malicious network responses based on known patterns of malicious activity. However, these should only be seen as temporary measures, and applying the official patch should be a top priority.
July 1, 2025
CVE-2025-6627: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in TOTOLINK A702R 4.0.0-B20230721.1521
Overview

The CVE-2025-6627 is a critical vulnerability discovered in TOTOLINK A702R 4.0.0-B20230721.1521, a widely used wireless router. The vulnerability lies in an unknown code of the file /boafrm/formIpv6Setup of the HTTP POST Request Handler component. This vulnerability is particularly serious because it can be exploited remotely, leading to potential system compromise and data leakage.
The impact of this vulnerability is significant. Unpatched devices are at risk of being exploited, potentially leading to unauthorized system access, data corruption, or even complete system control. This vulnerability is not just a threat to individual users, but also to enterprises that use this technology, potentially impacting their operational integrity and data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6627
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK A702R | 4.0.0-B20230721.1521

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is a buffer overflow condition that arises from improper validation of user-supplied data. This happens during the handling of HTTP POST requests where the argument ‘submit-url’ is manipulated. The flaw can be exploited by an attacker by sending an overly long, specially crafted argument to the ‘submit-url’ parameter. This overflow can potentially allow the execution of arbitrary code or cause the application to crash, thus leading to a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request:
```
POST /boafrm/formIpv6Setup HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... (long string of 'A's)
```
In this example, the ‘submit-url’ argument is filled with an excessively long string of ‘A’s. This can overflow the buffer and potentially allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code or cause the system to crash.
Note: This is a conceptual example and not an actual exploit code. The actual exploit might involve a carefully crafted payload designed to overflow the buffer in a specific way to achieve the desired effect.
July 1, 2025
CVE-2025-6617: Critical Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in D-Link DIR-619L
Overview

In the evolving landscape of cybersecurity, a critical vulnerability has been discovered in the D-Link DIR-619L 2.06B01. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-6617, poses a significant threat to the affected devices. The vulnerability is classified as a stack-based buffer overflow and can be exploited remotely, leading to a potential system compromise or even data leakage. It’s important to note that this vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer, which unfortunately means that the scope for remediation from the vendor is limited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6617
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-619L | 2.06B01

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the function formAdvanceSetup of the file /goform/formAdvanceSetup. The manipulation of the argument webpage in this function leads to a stack-based buffer overflow. This means that an attacker can overflow the buffer with arbitrary data, which can overwrite the return address and divert the execution flow, potentially leading to remote code execution on the device.

Conceptual Example Code

In a possible exploit scenario, an attacker might send a specially crafted HTTP POST request to the vulnerable endpoint, overflowing the buffer and gaining control of the execution flow. The conceptual example might look something like this:
```
POST /goform/formAdvanceSetup HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
webpage=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... [Add more 'A's to overflow the buffer]
```
In this example, the ‘A’s (which in ASCII is 0x41) are used to fill up the buffer and overflow it, potentially overwriting the return address with the attacker’s desired value, leading to arbitrary code execution.

Mitigation

Given that the affected products are no longer supported by the maintainer, it is highly recommended to replace these devices with newer, supported models if possible. As a temporary mitigation, you could use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. If a vendor patch becomes available, apply it immediately to prevent potential exploitation of this vulnerability.
July 1, 2025
CVE-2025-6616: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in D-Link DIR-619L 2.06B01
Overview

A critical vulnerability has been discovered in D-Link DIR-619L 2.06B01, identified as CVE-2025-6616. The vulnerability is found in the function formSetWAN_Wizard51 of the file /goform/formSetWAN_Wizard51. It is classified as critical due to its potential impact on the system which could lead to full system compromise or data leakage. The exploit can be initiated remotely and has been disclosed to the public, raising the threat level. Unfortunately, this vulnerability affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer, which means that the users of these products are left to their own devices in securing their systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6616
Severity: Critical (8.8/10)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-619L | 2.06B01

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-6616 exploit works by manipulating the ‘curTime’ argument in a specific function of the D-Link DIR-619L’s firmware. The function, known as ‘formSetWAN_Wizard51’, is vulnerable to a stack-based buffer overflow. By sending a specially crafted payload to this function, an attacker can cause a buffer overflow, which could potentially allow them to execute arbitrary code on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. The attacker crafts a malicious payload designed to cause a buffer overflow in the ‘curTime’ argument:
```
POST /goform/formSetWAN_Wizard51 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
curTime=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...+&other_parameters=...
```
In this example, the ‘A’s represent the malicious payload that causes the buffer overflow. The ‘other_parameters’ represent other necessary parameters that might be needed for a successful request, which are beyond the scope of this example.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply any available vendor patches. However, since the affected product is no longer supported by the vendor, third-party solutions such as Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) may be used as temporary mitigation measures. Regularly monitoring network traffic for any suspicious activities can also help in early detection of potential exploits.
July 1, 2025
CVE-2025-5015: Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerability in AccuWeather and Custom RSS Widget
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continually evolving, and new vulnerabilities are discovered every day. One such vulnerability that has recently come to light is the CVE-2025-5015, a cross-site scripting (XSS) issue affecting the AccuWeather and Custom RSS widgets. This vulnerability is a serious concern as it allows an unauthenticated user to replace the RSS feed URL with a malicious one, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Its severity and potential impact make it a significant threat to any organization using affected versions of these products.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5015
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AccuWeather Widget | All versions prior to patch
Custom RSS Widget | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the unvalidated input in the RSS feed URL field in the widget settings. An unauthenticated user can replace the legitimate RSS feed URL with a malicious one. When the widget fetches the RSS feed, it inadvertently pulls in and executes the malicious code instead. This can allow the attacker to perform a variety of malicious actions, such as compromising the system or exfiltrating sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:
```
GET /widget/settings HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
{ "rss_feed_url": "http://malicious.example.com/feed" }
```
In this example, the attacker replaces the “rss_feed_url” in the widget settings with a URL that points to a malicious RSS feed. When the widget fetches this feed, it executes the malicious code contained within.

Mitigation Steps

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. If the patch can’t be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Additionally, regular monitoring and auditing of the system logs can help detect any successful exploits.
July 1, 2025
CVE-2025-6615: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in D-Link DIR-619L 2.06B01
Overview

A critical vulnerability has been discovered in D-Link DIR-619L 2.06B01, classified as CVE-2025-6615. This vulnerability specifically affects the formAutoDetecWAN_wizard4 function of the file /goform/formAutoDetecWAN_wizard4, and is triggered via the manipulation of the argument curTime. It is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability, which can be exploited remotely. The exploit is already public, magnifying the risk for systems that are still running the unsupported and outdated software.
This vulnerability matters because it can potentially compromise the entire system or lead to data leakage. Given the severity of the impact, it is crucial for users to update their system to the latest version or apply necessary patches as early as possible.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6615
Severity: Critical – CVSS Score 8.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-619L | 2.06B01

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by manipulating the ‘curTime’ argument in the formAutoDetecWAN_wizard4 function of the file /goform/formAutoDetecWAN_wizard4. This manipulation causes a stack-based buffer overflow, which can lead to arbitrary code execution. Since the exploit can be triggered remotely over the network without requiring any user interaction, it poses a significant threat to the affected systems.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example is not intended for actual use, but to give a general understanding of the vulnerability.
```
POST /goform/formAutoDetecWAN_wizard4 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
curTime= [Overflowing Buffer String]
```
In this request, the ‘curTime’ argument is filled with a string that overflows the buffer. This overflow could potentially allow the execution of arbitrary code, resulting in a system compromise.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the risk of this vulnerability, it is strongly recommended to apply the vendor patch. If the patch is not available or the product is no longer supported, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, it’s important to note that these are not permanent solutions and replacing unsupported products should be considered as soon as possible.
July 1, 2025