Author: Ameeba

  • CVE-2025-32011: Authentication Bypass Vulnerability in KUNBUS PiCtory

    Overview

    The world of cybersecurity is witnessing yet another potential threat through the CVE-2025-32011 vulnerability, which could lead to severe system compromise and data leakage. This vulnerability affects the KUNBUS PiCtory versions from 2.5.0 to 2.11.1, and it allows an attacker to bypass the authentication system and gain unauthorized access. The seriousness of this vulnerability is highlighted by its CVSS severity score of 9.8, making it a critical concern for all users of the affected software.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-32011
    Severity: Critical (9.8)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Unauthorized access to the system, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    KUNBUS PiCtory | 2.5.0 – 2.11.1

    How the Exploit Works

    The CVE-2025-32011 vulnerability exploits a path traversal flaw in the authentication mechanism of KUNBUS PiCtory. An attacker can manipulate the input to the system, which leads to unauthorized access. The attacker can then leverage this access to compromise the system or extract sensitive data. The most concerning aspect is that this can be done remotely, making it a significant threat to organizations using the affected versions of KUNBUS PiCtory.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. The following HTTP request showcases how a malicious payload might be sent to a vulnerable endpoint.

    GET /../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com

    In this case, the “../../etc/passwd” part of the request represents the path traversal attack, targeting a common file that stores user account details.

    Mitigation and Remediation

    The most effective way to mitigate the CVE-2025-32011 vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. KUNBUS has released updates to address this vulnerability, and users are urged to update to the latest version of PiCtory as soon as possible.
    In the interim, users can deploy Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as temporary mitigation. These systems can help detect and block malicious attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, they should be considered as stop-gap solutions and not as a replacement for applying the vendor-provided patch.
    In conclusion, the CVE-2025-32011 vulnerability is a serious threat that requires immediate attention and action. The potential for system compromise and data leakage is high, and organizations must take the necessary steps to safeguard their systems against this vulnerability.

  • CVE-2025-24522: Unauthenticated Remote Access to Node-RED Server in KUNBUS Revolution Pi OS Bookworm

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving with new vulnerabilities surfacing regularly. In this blog post, we will be discussing a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-24522. This vulnerability affects the KUNBUS Revolution Pi OS Bookworm version 01/2025. This is a significant vulnerability because of the absence of default authentication for the Node-RED server, which could potentially give an unauthenticated remote attacker full command execution privileges on the underlying operating system. Given the potential impact, the vulnerability raises serious security implications for any organization using the affected software, and it is essential to understand the risk it poses and how to mitigate it.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-24522
    Severity: Critical (CVSS: 10.0)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    KUNBUS Revolution Pi OS Bookworm | 01/2025

    How the Exploit Works

    The CVE-2025-24522 vulnerability arises due to inadequate security configurations in the KUNBUS Revolution Pi OS Bookworm version 01/2025. By default, authentication is not configured for the Node-RED server. This opens a window of opportunity for an unauthenticated remote attacker to gain full access to the Node-RED server. Once the attacker has gained access to the server, they can run arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system, leading to system compromise and potential data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual code snippet showing how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

    POST /node-red/execute HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    {
    "command": "rm -rf /*"
    }

    In this conceptual example, an unauthenticated attacker sends an HTTP POST request to the Node-RED server’s execute endpoint. The malicious payload, here represented by a destructive `rm -rf /*` command, gets executed on the server’s underlying operating system.

    Recommended Mitigation

    The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Alternatively, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. These solutions can identify and prevent malicious traffic or activities, thereby reducing the risk of successful exploitation. Furthermore, it is advisable to always ensure proper security configurations, such as enabling authentication on all servers, to reduce the attack surface.
    To conclude, vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-24522 highlight the importance of robust security configurations and timely patch management in cybersecurity. It is crucial to stay informed about such vulnerabilities and to take prompt action to mitigate them.

  • CVE-2025-46337: A Critical SQL Injection Vulnerability in ADOdb PHP Database Class Library

    Overview

    The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has issued an advisory on a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-46337. This security flaw affects the ADOdb PHP database class library – a widely used open-source library that offers an abstraction layer for database management and queries. The vulnerability is deeply concerning due to its potential to allow attackers to execute arbitrary SQL statements, leading to possible system compromise or data leakage. With a CVSS Severity Score of 10.0, this issue is of utmost importance to any organization or individual utilizing ADOdb prior to version 5.22.9, especially on PostgreSQL databases.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-46337
    Severity: Critical – CVSS Score: 10.0
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    ADOdb | Prior to 5.22.9

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from the improper escaping of a query parameter in the ADOdb library. Specifically, when the code using ADOdb connects to a PostgreSQL database and calls pg_insert_id() with user-supplied data, an attacker can exploit this flaw. By carefully crafting malicious data, an attacker could inject arbitrary SQL statements into the query, which the database would then execute. This could lead to unauthorized access, data manipulation, or even total system compromise.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of a potential exploit. The attacker could send a specially-crafted request similar to the following:

    POST /query HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
    user_id=1; DROP TABLE users;

    This request contains an SQL statement (`DROP TABLE users;`) which, if executed, would delete the entire ‘users’ table from the database.

    Mitigation and Recommendations

    To mitigate this vulnerability, it is highly advised to update ADOdb to version 5.22.9 or later as this issue has been patched in these versions. If an immediate update is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these are not long-term solutions and can only minimize the risk. Regular patching and updates should be a part of any organization’s cybersecurity strategy.

  • CVE-2023-37443: Critical Out-of-Bounds Read Vulnerabilities in GTKWave 3.3.115

    Overview

    Cybersecurity professionals should be aware of a recently disclosed vulnerability identified as CVE-2023-37443, which affects GTKWave version 3.3.115. This vulnerability has been classified as critical due to its potential to enable arbitrary code execution, leading to system compromise or data leakage. The vulnerability lies in the software’s VCD var definition section, and exploitation requires user interaction, specifically opening a malicious .vcd file. Therefore, the risk is substantial for users who frequently interact with .vcd files.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-37443
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: User
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Arbitrary code execution, potential system compromise, and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GTKWave | 3.3.115

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit takes advantage of multiple out-of-bounds read vulnerabilities within the VCD var definition section of GTKWave. An attacker can design a specially crafted .vcd file to trigger these vulnerabilities, resulting in arbitrary code execution. The vulnerability is specifically located in the GUI’s legacy VCD parsing code. Once the malicious .vcd file is opened by a user, the crafted code is executed, potentially leading to a full system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    In the given context, a conceptual example of exploiting this vulnerability might involve creating a malicious .vcd file which contains specially crafted data designed to trigger an out-of-bounds read. This could be represented in pseudocode as such:

    # Pseudocode representation of malicious .vcd file
    class MaliciousVCD:
    def __init__(self):
    self.data = self.create_malicious_data()
    def create_malicious_data(self):
    # Craft data that triggers out-of-bounds read in GTKWave's VCD parsing
    data = "..."
    return data
    # Create and save malicious .vcd file
    malicious_vcd = MaliciousVCD()
    save_file(malicious_vcd, "malicious.vcd")

    Please note that this is a simplified representation. The actual creation of malicious data would require detailed knowledge of the specific vulnerabilities in the VCD parsing code of GTKWave.

  • CVE-2023-37442: Severe Out-of-Bounds Read Vulnerabilities in GTKWave 3.3.115

    Overview

    The open-source waveform viewer, GTKWave 3.3.115, has been found to contain multiple severe out-of-bounds read vulnerabilities. These flaws, identified as CVE-2023-37442, can lead to arbitrary code execution, thus potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage. The affected software is widely used for viewing Verilog, VHDL, and other simulation output formats, making this a pressing concern for developers and organizations alike. Mitigation efforts are underway, and immediate action is advised.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-37442
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GTKWave | 3.3.115

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerabilities specifically exist in the VCD var definition section of GTKWave. When a specially crafted .vcd file is opened by a user, it triggers an out-of-bounds read, leading to arbitrary code execution. This vulnerability is triggered via the GUI’s default VCD parsing code. This means that an attacker can craft a malicious .vcd file that, when opened, executes the attacker’s arbitrary code on the victim’s system.

    Conceptual Example Code

    A conceptual example of this vulnerability would involve the creation of a malicious .vcd file. While the specifics of such a file are beyond the scope of this article, the pseudo-code below illustrates the potential structure of such a file:

    $scope module malicious $end
    $var wire 1 ! trigger $end
    $var wire 128 # payload $end
    $upscope $end
    $enddefinitions $end
    #0
    $dumpvars
    1!
    b{malicious_payload} #
    $end

    In this pseudo-code, ‘`malicious_payload`’ represents the arbitrary code that the attacker wishes to execute on the victim’s machine. The out-of-bounds read is triggered when GTKWave attempts to parse this malicious .vcd file, leading to the execution of the arbitrary code.

    Mitigation Guidance

    Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential exploits. It’s recommended to refrain from opening .vcd files from untrusted sources until the patch is applied.

  • CVE-2023-37420: Critical Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerability in GTKWave’s VCD Parse_ValueChange Portdump Functionality

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is riddled with vulnerabilities that can wreak havoc on systems, compromise data, and disrupt operations. One such critical vulnerability has recently come to light, affecting the GTKWave software, specifically version 3.3.115. GTKWave is widely utilized for viewing waveform data produced by digital logic simulators, and the vulnerability identified has the potential to impact a broad range of users.
    The CVE-2023-37420 vulnerability is of particular concern as it allows for arbitrary code execution, providing an attacker with the potential to compromise a system, steal sensitive data, or disrupt operations. The implications of this vulnerability are vast, affecting individual users, organizations, and potentially even critical infrastructure that relies on GTKWave.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-37420
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Local File
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GTKWave | 3.3.115

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from multiple out-of-bounds write vulnerabilities that exist within the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality of GTKWave. The vulnerability can be triggered by a specially crafted .vcd file which, when opened, can potentially lead to arbitrary code execution. This exploit is specifically triggered via the vcd2lxt conversion utility.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While the exact nature of the exploit code is withheld to prevent misuse, the general concept involves crafting a .vcd file with specific malicious payloads that trigger the out-of-bounds write when the file is opened in GTKWave. The example below is a simplified representation and does not represent actual malicious code:

    #Conceptual example of a malicious .vcd file
    header = "..."
    malicious_payload = "..." #Out-of-bounds write triggering payload
    footer = "..."
    with open("malicious.vcd", "w") as f:
    f.write(header + malicious_payload + footer)

    This file, when opened in a vulnerable version of GTKWave, would trigger the vulnerability, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.

    Mitigation Guidance

    To mitigate the potential exploitation of this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure by identifying and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability. It’s also recommended to avoid opening .vcd files from untrusted sources.

  • CVE-2023-37419: Critical Arbitrary Code Execution Vulnerability in GTKWave 3.3.115

    Overview

    In this blog post, we are discussing a critical vulnerability, CVE-2023-37419, that affects the software GTKWave 3.3.115. This vulnerability is of particular concern because it can enable an attacker to execute arbitrary code, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. The affected software, GTKWave, is a waveform viewer that is widely used across many industries for debugging purposes. As such, a breach here could have far-reaching implications.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-37419
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: .vcd file
    Privileges Required: User level
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GTKWave | 3.3.115

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability lies in the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality of GTKWave 3.3.115. Specifically, multiple out-of-bounds write vulnerabilities exist, which can lead to arbitrary code execution. These vulnerabilities can be triggered via a vcd2lxt2 conversion utility.
    An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting a malicious .vcd file. When a victim opens this file, the vulnerabilities are triggered, potentially leading to the execution of arbitrary code with user privileges. This can lead to system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is not actual exploit code but is meant to illustrate the general concept:

    # Create a malicious .vcd file
    $ echo "malicious code" > malicious.vcd
    # Convert the .vcd file to .lxt2
    $ vcd2lxt2 malicious.vcd malicious.lxt2
    # Open the .lxt2 file in GTKWave
    $ gtkwave malicious.lxt2

    In this example, the “malicious code” would be replaced with actual harmful commands that are executed when the .lxt2 file is opened in GTKWave.
    Remember always to apply vendor patches promptly and use WAF/IDS as a temporary mitigation. This will reduce the risk of exploitation and help to secure your systems against potential attacks.

  • CVE-2023-37418: Critical Vulnerability in GTKWave’s VCD Parse_Valuechange Portdump Functionality

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is a dynamic battleground in which vulnerabilities often go unnoticed until they are exploited by malicious entities. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2023-37418, resides in the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality of GTKWave 3.3.115. This vulnerability presents a significant threat to any system that utilizes this version of GTKWave, as its exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.
    The importance of understanding and addressing this vulnerability cannot be overstated. Its impact extends beyond single user systems to larger networks, making it a potential target for cybercriminals aiming to penetrate network defenses and compromise sensitive data.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-37418
    Severity: High (7.8 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Local, Remote (via malicious .vcd file)
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required (victim needs to open a malicious file)
    Impact: Potential system compromise, data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GTKWave | 3.3.115

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploitation of this vulnerability hinges on the out-of-bounds write vulnerabilities present in the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality of GTKWave 3.3.115. An attacker crafts a malicious .vcd file, which, when opened by the victim using the vcd2vzt conversion utility, triggers these vulnerabilities. As a result, the attacker can execute arbitrary code on the victim’s system, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Consider the following pseudocode, which illustrates how a malicious .vcd file could be crafted to exploit the vulnerability:

    # Pseudo code to create a malicious .vcd file
    vcd_file = create_vcd_file()
    # Inserting malicious code that triggers the out-of-bounds write vulnerability
    vcd_file.insert_code("malicious_code")
    # Save the malicious .vcd file
    vcd_file.save("malicious.vcd")

    Upon the victim opening this malicious .vcd file using the vcd2vzt conversion utility, the malicious code is executed, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

    Mitigation

    Users affected by this vulnerability are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may serve as a temporary mitigation measure, potentially preventing the exploitation of this vulnerability. However, these are not foolproof solutions and should not be relied upon as permanent fixes. A comprehensive cybersecurity strategy, combined with regular system updates, is the most effective approach to protecting against such vulnerabilities.

  • CVE-2023-37417: Critical Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerabilities in GTKWave 3.3.115

    Overview

    In the world of cybersecurity, there are unfortunately constant threats that users must guard against. CVE-2023-37417 is one such vulnerability that presents a potent risk to users of the GTKWave 3.3.115. This vulnerability exposes users to potential system compromise, data leakage, and arbitrary code execution risks, making it a critical issue that needs immediate attention.
    GTKWave is a popular open-source waveform viewer, largely utilized in the digital design field. The vulnerability in question affects the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality, allowing malicious individuals the ability to execute arbitrary code, potentially compromising the entire system and leading to data leaks. The severity of this issue cannot be overstated, given its potential for widespread damage.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-37417
    Severity: High – CVSS Score 7.8
    Attack Vector: Remote
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Arbitrary code execution, potential system compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GTKWave | 3.3.115

    How the Exploit Works

    This vulnerability takes advantage of an out-of-bound write condition in the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality of GTKWave 3.3.115. An attacker would need to craft a malicious .vcd file, designed to trigger the vulnerability. Once the malicious file is opened by the victim through the GUI’s interactive VCD parsing code, the attacker gains the ability to execute arbitrary code on the system, potentially leading to a full system compromise.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following is a conceptual example of a malicious .vcd file content, designed to exploit the vulnerability:

    $timescale 1 ns $end
    $scope module logic $end
    $var wire 1 ! clk $end
    $var wire 64 # data $end
    $var wire 1 $ en $end
    $upscope $end
    $enddefinitions $end
    #0
    0!
    bxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx #
    1$

    In the above example, the “bxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx #” string represents an oversize binary value, specifically crafted to trigger the out-of-bound write condition, leading to arbitrary code execution.

    Mitigation Guidance

    Users are advised to apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible. In the absence of a patch, or as a temporary mitigation measure, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help to detect and prevent exploitation of this vulnerability. It is also strongly recommended that users avoid opening .vcd files from untrusted sources.

  • CVE-2023-37416: Critical Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerabilities in GTKWave

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape continues to evolve and new vulnerabilities are discovered daily. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2023-37416, affects GTKWave 3.3.115, a popular open-source waveform viewer. This vulnerability is of significant concern due to the potential for arbitrary code execution, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.
    GTKWave is widely used in numerous industries for viewing and debugging digital waveforms, and the vulnerability presents an alarming threat to all users of the software. The out-of-bounds write vulnerability manifests in the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality of GTKWave, and activation of this vulnerability requires a user to open a maliciously crafted .vcd file.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-37416
    Severity: High (CVSS: 7.8)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GTKWave | 3.3.115

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability lies in the VCD parse_valuechange portdump functionality of GTKWave. An attacker crafts a malicious .vcd file that exploits the out-of-bounds write vulnerability, leading to arbitrary code execution. In essence, the exploit works by manipulating the way GTKWave parses .vcd files, thereby causing an overflow that allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Given the nature of this vulnerability, a .vcd file with malicious code could be used to exploit this flaw. A conceptual example of this might look something like this:
    “`shell
    // malicious.vcd
    $dumpvars
    $end
    #0
    bxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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