Author: Ameeba

CVE-2025-49657: Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Windows RRAS
Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-49657 is a serious threat to any system running Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS). The vulnerability, a heap-based buffer overflow, allows unauthorized attackers to execute arbitrary code over a network. Given the ubiquitous use of Windows systems across various sectors, from government to corporate environments, this vulnerability may potentially impact a considerable number of systems worldwide, thereby making it a significant cybersecurity matter.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49657
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) | All versions prior to the vendor patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a heap-based buffer overflow in the Windows RRAS. When a malicious actor sends an overlong packet to RRAS, it overflows the heap buffer, causing the system to overwrite adjacent memory. This overflow can lead to unexpected behaviors such as executing arbitrary code, crashing the system, or causing data leakage. The attacker can exploit this vulnerability remotely, without requiring any user interaction or privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how a malicious HTTP request might exploit this vulnerability:
```
POST /RRAS/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
{ "malicious_payload": "A"*1024 + "\x90"*16 + shellcode }
```
This hypothetical request sends an overly long string of “A” characters followed by a NOP sled and the shellcode. This payload would overflow the heap buffer, overwrite the return address with the address of the NOP sled, and eventually execute the shellcode.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit the vulnerability. Regularly updating your systems and employing a proactive cybersecurity strategy will also help to prevent such exploits.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-48824: Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Windows RRAS Enables Remote Code Execution
Overview

The cybersecurity world has faced yet another challenge with the recent discovery of a critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-48824, in the Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS). This security flaw has a significant impact on both businesses and individuals, as it allows malicious actors unauthorized access to execute code remotely over a network. The implications of this vulnerability are widespread, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage, thus posing a serious threat to data privacy and integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48824
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized remote code execution, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Windows RRAS | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Windows RRAS. Simply put, an overflow occurs when more data is written into a block of memory, or buffer, than it is designed to hold. This causes the excess data to overflow into adjacent buffers, causing them to overwrite information. In this case, the overflow can be manipulated to execute arbitrary code.
This vulnerability is particularly dangerous because it doesn’t require user interaction and can be exploited over a network. An attacker can send specially crafted data packets to the victim’s machine, triggering the buffer overflow and enabling them to execute malicious code, potentially gaining control over the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might trigger the vulnerability with a specially crafted packet:
```
POST /RRAS/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
{ "buffer": "OVERFLOWING_PAYLOAD" }
```
Please note that this is a simplified, hypothetical example. The actual exploit would require a deeper understanding of the system’s memory layout and intricate knowledge of the overflow vulnerability.
In conclusion, it is highly recommended that users and administrators apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If immediate patching is not feasible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-48817: Exploiting Relative Path Traversal in Remote Desktop Clients
Overview

CVE-2025-48817 is a significant cybersecurity vulnerability that affects remote desktop clients. This vulnerability permits an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network by leveraging a relative path traversal flaw. The vulnerability is critical because remote desktop clients are widespread in organizations, allowing employees to access their work systems remotely. An exploit could lead to system compromise or result in significant data leakage, posing a severe threat to the integrity and confidentiality of data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48817
Severity: High (8.8/10 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Remote Desktop Client | All versions before patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker sending a specially crafted payload that includes a relative path. When an affected Remote Desktop Client processes this payload, the vulnerability allows the attacker to traverse directories that they would normally not have access to. This traversal can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive files or even remote code execution, depending on the specifics of the system configuration.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability might look like:
```
POST /remote-desktop/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"path": "../../../../malicious_code.js",
"args": "..."
}
```
In this example, the attacker is using the relative path traversal vulnerability to execute malicious code located elsewhere on the system.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, vendors are recommended to apply patches as soon as they become available. In the meantime, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can identify and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability by detecting suspicious patterns in network traffic.
Remember, the overall security of your systems is only as strong as its weakest link. Stay vigilant, stay updated, and always prioritize your cybersecurity measures.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-47998: Severe Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service
Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently identified a significant heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability, labelled as CVE-2025-47998, which affects Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS). As one of the most widely used services on Windows servers, this vulnerability poses a significant threat to the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of millions of systems worldwide. The severity of this vulnerability is amplified by the fact that it allows for the remote execution of arbitrary code, potentially leading to full system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47998
Severity: High (CVSS Score: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Full system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Microsoft Windows Server | 2019, 2022

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the way the Windows RRAS processes certain types of network packets. When a specially crafted packet is sent to the RRAS server, it triggers a heap-based buffer overflow. This overflow can overwrite certain portions of the heap, allowing the attacker to control the execution flow of the program and eventually execute arbitrary code.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual representation of a malicious network packet that could potentially exploit this vulnerability:
```
POST /RRAS/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
{ "buffer": "A"*5000 } // overflow the heap
```
In this example, the attacker sends a POST request with an unusually large data packet (“buffer”: “A”*5000), designed to overflow the heap buffer of the RRAS service.

Mitigation and Prevention

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest vendor-supplied patches as soon as they become available. In the meantime, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation, helping to detect and block potential exploit attempts. Regular audits of network traffic and system logs can also aid in early detection of any suspicious activity.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-47986: Universal Print Management Service Exploit Elevates Privileges
Overview

This blog post takes a detailed look at the recently discovered cybersecurity vulnerability officially known as CVE-2025-47986. This critical vulnerability exists in the Universal Print Management Service and can be exploited by an authorized attacker to elevate their privileges locally. Given the widespread use of this service across numerous organizations and industries, this vulnerability could have a significant impact on the security of systems worldwide. The severity of this flaw, coupled with the potential for system compromise or data leakage, underscores the importance of understanding and promptly addressing this vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47986
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Universal Print Management Service | All versions up to current

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is a classic use-after-free flaw. This is a type of memory corruption flaw that happens when the application uses memory after it has been freed or deleted, leading to undefined behavior, including the execution of arbitrary code. In this case, the Universal Print Management Service fails to properly manage memory objects during the handling of certain operations. As a result, an attacker can manipulate the application into using these freed memory objects, enabling them to execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is not actual exploit code, but a simplified version to help understand the nature of the vulnerability.
```
# Attacker obtains low-level access to the system
$ login -u low_privileged_user -p password
# Attacker runs a malicious script that triggers the use after free vulnerability
$ ./trigger_uaf_vulnerability
# Attacker uses the vulnerability to execute code with elevated privileges
$ ./execute_code_with_elevated_privileges
```
Please note that this is a simplified representation of the exploit process. Actual exploit may involve more complex steps and sophisticated techniques.
To prevent potential exploits, organizations using the Universal Print Management Service are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. In the meantime, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-41224: Critical SSH Access Vulnerability in RUGGEDCOM Devices
Overview

A critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-41224, has been discovered affecting multiple RUGGEDCOM products. RUGGEDCOM devices are widely used in industries such as power, transportation, and military for mission-critical applications, which makes this vulnerability particularly concerning. If exploited, it could allow an attacker with network access and credentials to gain SSH access to the device until reboot. In the wrong hands, this could lead to system compromise or significant data leakage, making it a matter of high priority for cybersecurity teams to address.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41224
Severity: Critical – CVSS 8.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: High
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

RUGGEDCOM RMC8388 V5.X | All versions < V5.10.0 RUGGEDCOM RS416NCv2 V5.X | All versions < V5.10.0 (Continue listing all affected products) How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the affected products’ improper enforcement of interface access restrictions when changing from management to non-management interface configurations. Despite the configuration being saved, the access restrictions are not properly enforced until a system reboot occurs. This allows an attacker with network access and credentials to gain and maintain SSH access to the device, which could be used to compromise the system or exfiltrate data.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specifics of the attack would depend on the network configuration and the attacker’s capabilities, a conceptual example might involve an attacker using SSH to connect to the device:
```
ssh user@target_device_IP
```
Once connected, the attacker could manipulate the interface configurations to maintain access:
```
configure_interface non-management
save_config
```
This would allow the attacker to maintain SSH access until the device is rebooted.

Mitigation and Prevention

RUGGEDCOM has released a patch for this vulnerability (V5.10.0). It is strongly recommended that users of affected products update to this version or later as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation, users may also employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block any suspicious network activity. However, these measures should not replace the need for patching the vulnerability.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-53546: High Severity Vulnerability in Folo’s GitHub Workflow
Overview

CVE-2025-53546 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability that directly affects the secure functioning of Folo, a service that organizes feeds content into a single timeline. It is of significant importance due to the potential damage it can inflict on the security of repositories and the sensitive data they contain. The vulnerability resides in the improper use of pull_request_target on the .github/workflows/auto-fix-lint-format-commit.yml file, which, if exploited, can lead to unauthorized access and manipulation of the base repository.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53546
Severity: High (9.1 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Folo | All versions prior to commit 585c6a591440cd39f92374230ac5d65d7dd23d6a

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the misuse of the pull_request_target within the github/workflows/auto-fix-lint-format-commit.yml file. This misuse allows an attacker to execute untrusted code with full access to secrets from the base repository. The attacker can exploit this vulnerability to exfiltrate the GITHUB_TOKEN, which has high privileges including content write privileges, leading to a complete takeover of the repository.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual representation of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. The attacker creates a malicious pull request that includes code to export the GITHUB_TOKEN:
```
POST /repos/:owner/:repo/pulls HTTP/1.1
Host: api.github.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer [attacker's personal access token]
{
"title": "Fix lint errors",
"head": "attacker:fix-lint-errors",
"base": "master",
"body": "This PR fixes some lint errors. Please merge it.",
"maintainer_can_modify": true
}
```
In the attacker’s branch (attacker:fix-lint-errors), the .github/workflows/auto-fix-lint-format-commit.yml file will contain malicious code to exfiltrate the GITHUB_TOKEN:
```
name: "Auto fix lint and format commit"
on:
pull_request_target:
types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
jobs:
fix:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Checkout code
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Export GITHUB_TOKEN
run: echo "GITHUB_TOKEN=$GITHUB_TOKEN" > secrets.txt
- name: Upload secrets
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
with:
name: secrets
path: secrets.txt
```
Mitigation Guidance

The vulnerability is fixed in commit 585c6a591440cd39f92374230ac5d65d7dd23d6a. It is strongly recommended for all Folo users to update their systems to this commit or later as soon as possible. In the meantime, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for temporary mitigation.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-49535: Critical XXE Vulnerability in ColdFusion Resulting in Security Feature Bypass
Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system has identified a critical vulnerability in several versions of ColdFusion. Identified as CVE-2025-49535, this flaw exposes systems to an Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference (XXE) vulnerability, allowing attackers to bypass security measures. The vulnerability is particularly concerning due to its potential to facilitate unauthorized access to sensitive information or cause denial of service.
The vulnerability affects ColdFusion versions 2025.2, 2023.14, 2021.20, and all earlier versions. What makes this vulnerability particularly serious is its capacity for exploitation without any user interaction, which makes it a substantial threat to data security and system integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49535
Severity: Critical (9.3/10)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ColdFusion | 2025.2 and earlier
ColdFusion | 2023.14 and earlier
ColdFusion | 2021.20 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an XXE vulnerability in ColdFusion. An attacker can craft a malicious XML document containing an external entity declaration that points to a URI of the attacker’s choice. By sending this document to the vulnerable system, the attacker can trigger the system to dereference the external entity, leading to information disclosure, denial of service, or potentially remote code execution.

Conceptual Example Code
```
POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ELEMENT foo ANY >
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>
```
In the above example, the attacker sends a POST request with a malicious XML payload that includes an external entity pointing to a sensitive file on the server. If the system is vulnerable, it will return the contents of this file in the response, revealing sensitive information to the attacker.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected systems should apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible to mitigate the vulnerability. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to filter out malicious XML content. However, this should not be considered a long-term solution, as it does not address the underlying vulnerability.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-6514: Command Injection Vulnerability in mcp-remote
Overview

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, a new vulnerability has been discovered that could potentially put systems and data at risk. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-6514, is associated with the mcp-remote software, which is used for connecting to MCP servers. The vulnerability arises due to the exposure of mcp-remote to OS command injection when connecting to untrusted MCP servers, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage. This issue is especially crucial due to the high severity score of 9.6 assigned to it, indicating its potential for widespread damage if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6514
Severity: Critical (9.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

mcp-remote | All versions prior to the patched

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the crafted input from the authorization_endpoint response URL. If the mcp-remote software is connected to an untrusted MCP server, an attacker can inject commands into the authorization_endpoint response URL. Because the software does not properly sanitize the input from this URL, the injected commands are executed on the operating system running the mcp-remote software. This can lead to unauthorized access, system compromise, and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:
```
POST /authorization_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: untrusted.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "injectable_os_command" }
```
In the above example, the “injectable_os_command” is a stand-in for any command that can be executed on the operating system running mcp-remote. Once this request is sent to the software, it executes the command, leading to the potential consequences described earlier.

Mitigation and Prevention

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of mcp-remote should immediately apply the vendor patch once available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary protection by identifying and blocking suspicious activities. Regularly updating and patching your software, using trusted servers, and routinely monitoring system activities are also recommended preventative measures to enhance cybersecurity resilience.
July 16, 2025
CVE-2025-53624: Critical Security Vulnerability in Docusaurus Gists Plugin
Overview

The open-source project Docusaurus, primarily used to build, deploy, and maintain open-source project websites, is grappling with a critical security vulnerability in its gists plugin. Specifically, versions prior to 4.0.0 of the docusaurus-plugin-content-gists are susceptible to an issue that exposes GitHub Personal Access Tokens. This issue is significant as it can lead to potential system compromises and data leakage. It is crucial for all users and organizations leveraging Docusaurus, especially those using the impacted plugin, to be aware of this vulnerability and take immediate remedial action.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53624
Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

docusaurus-plugin-content-gists | versions prior to 4.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the way the Docusaurus gists plugin handles GitHub Personal Access Tokens. These tokens are intended for build-time API access only. However, due to a flaw in the plugin, these tokens get included in the client-side JavaScript bundles in production build artifacts when passed through plugin configuration options. This exposes the tokens to anyone who can view the website’s source code, and hence, opens up an avenue for malicious actors to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability by inspecting the client-side JavaScript bundles on a website employing the affected Docusaurus plugin. Conceptually, the process would look something like this:
```
// Fetch the source code of the website
fetch('https://vulnerable-website.com/main.js')
.then(response => response.text())
.then((data) => {
// Search for the GitHub Personal Access Token in the JavaScript bundle
let regex = /token\s*:\s*'([a-zA-Z0-9]*)'/;
let match = data.match(regex);
if (match) {
// If found, the token can be used maliciously
console.log('GitHub token found:', match[1]);
}
});
```
Mitigation and Vendor Patch

The vulnerability has been fixed in version 4.0.0 of the docusaurus-plugin-content-gists. Users are strongly advised to update their plugin to this version or later to mitigate the risk. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these are not long-term solutions and updating the plugin remains the most effective way to rectify this security issue.
July 15, 2025