Author: Ameeba

Overview

The CVE-2025-6043 is a severe vulnerability identified in the Malcure Malware Scanner for WordPress. This security flaw leaves millions of websites built using the popular WordPress platform at the risk of unauthorized file deletion, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. The vulnerability is significant because it allows even low-level, authenticated users to execute arbitrary file deletion, making remote code execution possible under certain circumstances.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6043
Severity: Critical (8.1/10)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Subscriber-level access)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Malcure Malware Scanner Plugin for WordPress | All versions up to and including 16.8

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-6043 vulnerability exploits a missing capability check on the wpmr_delete_file() function within the Malcure Malware Scanner for WordPress. When a website has advanced mode enabled, an authenticated user with as little as subscriber-level access can trigger this function to delete arbitrary files. This could lead to the deletion of essential system files, causing disruptions or making the system more susceptible to further attacks. In the worst-case scenario, this vulnerability could be exploited for remote code execution, potentially granting an attacker full control over the affected system.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is shown in the following pseudocode:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=wpmr_delete_file HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/json
Cookie: wordpress_logged_in_[hash]=username|expiry|token|hash
{ "file": "/path/to/arbitrary/file.php" }

In the above example, the attacker sends a POST request to the admin-ajax.php file with the action set to wpmr_delete_file. The attacker then specifies the file they want to delete in the request body. Note that the attacker would need to be authenticated, hence the inclusion of the WordPress login cookie.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch immediately. In case the patch cannot be applied right away, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary measure to prevent exploitation of the vulnerability. Moreover, disabling the advanced mode on the site can also reduce the risk.

Overview

In this blog post, we will be discussing an important issue that has emerged in the cybersecurity landscape. Specifically, we’ll be focusing on CVE-2025-7393, a critical vulnerability in Drupal Mail Login, affecting versions from 3.0.0 before 3.2.0 and from 4.0.0 before 4.2.0. This vulnerability presents a substantial threat to the security of user data and system integrity, especially in environments where Drupal is prevalent. This vulnerability is significant due to its high CVSS score and the potential for system compromise or data leakage, therefore it is critical for users and administrators to take action to mitigate the risks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-7393
Severity: Critical, CVSS Score 9.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Drupal Mail Login | 3.0.0 – 3.1.9
Drupal Mail Login | 4.0.0 – 4.1.9

How the Exploit Works

At its root, CVE-2025-7393 is a vulnerability that stems from an improper restriction of excessive authentication attempts in Drupal Mail Login. This allows attackers to conduct a brute force attack by systematically attempting all possible passwords until the correct one is found. Since the system doesn’t lock out users after a certain number of failed login attempts, an attacker can continue guessing passwords indefinitely. This can lead to unauthorized access, data leakage, or even a complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of a brute force attack exploiting this vulnerability:

POST /user/login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=admin&password=guess1
POST /user/login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=admin&password=guess2
...

This example illustrates multiple login attempts by an attacker, systematically changing the password parameter until the correct one is found.

Mitigation Guidance

In response to this vulnerability, the vendor has issued a patch. Users are strongly advised to update their Drupal Mail Login to the latest version (3.2.0 for the 3.x branch and 4.2.0 for the 4.x branch). In cases where immediate patching is not possible, deploying a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure can help protect against brute force attacks. However, these are only temporary solutions and updating the software is the most effective way to eliminate the vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-52690 is an alarming cybersecurity vulnerability that could be exploited by attackers to execute arbitrary commands as the root user. This severe flaw potentially affects a wide range of systems and applications, presenting a massive risk to organizations and individuals worldwide. As the root user has the highest level of system privileges, successful exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to total system compromise and significant data leakage, severely impacting confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52690
Severity: Critical (8.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Successful exploitation could lead to system compromise, data leakage, and potential loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Vendor Product A | All versions up to 2.1.3
Vendor Product B | Versions 3.0 to 4.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the validation of certain system-level commands. An attacker can craft a malicious payload that, when processed by the vulnerable system, bypasses normal access controls and executes these commands as the root user. This allows the attacker to take control of the system, modify configuration settings, access sensitive data, or even install additional malicious software.

Conceptual Example Code

To illustrate how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability, consider the following conceptual example. In this hypothetical scenario, the attacker sends a specially crafted HTTP request to a vulnerable endpoint on the target system:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"command": "rm -rf /",
"user": "root"
}

Here, `rm -rf /` is a destructive command that, when run as root, deletes all files on the system.

Mitigation and Prevention

To mitigate the CVE-2025-52690 vulnerability and prevent its exploitation, users should immediately apply the corresponding vendor patch for the affected products. If a patch is not yet available or cannot be applied immediately, users can implement temporary measures such as utilizing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block malicious traffic. However, these are stopgap solutions and do not fully address the underlying vulnerability. Therefore, installing the vendor patch as soon as it is available is strongly recommended.

Overview

This particular vulnerability, designated CVE-2025-46116, has been identified in CommScope Ruckus Unleashed and Ruckus ZoneDirector, two widely-utilized network management solutions. This exploit allows an authenticated attacker to disable the passphrase requirement for a hidden CLI command, and in turn, escape the restricted shell to obtain a root shell on the controller. This could result in potential system compromise or data leakage. It’s a significant concern, given that these products are often used in large-scale network environments, so the compromise of a single controller could potentially impact a significant number of users and devices.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46116
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Authenticated user)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CommScope Ruckus Unleashed | Up to 200.15.6.212.14 and 200.17.7.0.139
CommScope Ruckus ZoneDirector | Up to 10.5.1.0.279

How the Exploit Works

An authenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by making a management API call to disable the passphrase requirement for the `!v54!` CLI command. Once the passphrase requirement is disabled, the attacker can then invoke this hidden command to escape the restricted shell. After escaping the restricted shell, the attacker obtains a root shell on the controller, effectively giving them full control over the system and the potential to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s an example of how an HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability might look:

POST /api/disable_passphrase HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer <auth_token>
{ "command": "!v54!" }

After this, the attacker could use the following command to escape the restricted shell:

!v54!

This would then grant the attacker a root shell on the controller.

Mitigation and Recommendations

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. In the absence of a vendor patch or while waiting for its application, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by monitoring network traffic for signs of exploitation of this vulnerability. However, these measures are not a complete solution and the vendor patch should be applied as soon as it is available.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-44658 is a serious threat affecting Netgear RAX30 routers running the version V1.0.10.94. This vulnerability arises due to an oversight in the PHP-FPM settings that do not follow the specification to limit FPM usage solely to .php extensions. This flaw can be leveraged by an attacker to upload and execute malicious scripts with alternate extensions, undermining security protocols based on file extension filtering. The implications are substantial, ranging from remote code execution to potential full-system compromise. Everyone running the affected version of Netgear RAX30 must be aware of this vulnerability and its potential implications.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44658
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Remote code execution, information disclosure, potential full system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Netgear RAX30 | V1.0.10.94

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would first identify a target system running the vulnerable version of Netgear RAX30. The attacker then creates a malicious script, disguising it with a non-.php extension to bypass the file extension filter. This malicious script is then uploaded to the target system, possibly using an exposed web service. Due to the misconfiguration in PHP-FPM settings, the web server executes these scripts as though they were PHP, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code, disclose sensitive information, or even compromise the entire system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of an HTTP POST request to upload a malicious script to the target system:

POST /upload_file HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="exploit.jpg"
{ binary data }

In this example, `exploit.jpg` is a malicious script disguised as an image file. Once uploaded, due to the PHP-FPM misconfiguration, it could be executed as a PHP script, leading to potential remote code execution or full system compromise.
Please note that this example is purely conceptual and does not represent an actual exploit. It’s provided to help understand how the vulnerability might be exploited and emphasizes the importance of taking appropriate mitigation steps.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a critical security flaw in certain TOTOLink routers, referenced as CVE-2025-44655. This vulnerability arises due to an insecure configuration setting in the vsftpd.conf file. As it stands, organizations and individuals using the affected routers are at a significant risk of unauthorized access to system files, privilege escalation, or the use of the compromised server as a pivot point for internal network attacks. This blog post delves into the specifics of CVE-2025-44655, its potential impacts, and how affected users can mitigate these risks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44655
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to system files, privilege escalation, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLink A7100RU | V7.4
TOTOLink A950RG | V5.9
TOTOLink T10 | V5.9

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation of this vulnerability is rooted in the enabled “chroot_local_user” option in the “vsftpd.conf” file. When enabled, this option allows for an unauthorized FTP client to access the root directory of the server. An attacker can leverage this configuration flaw to gain unauthorized access to system files or escalate privileges. Furthermore, a compromised server can be used as a launchpad for additional internal network attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability using an FTP client:

ftp> open target.example.com
Connected to target.example.com.
220 Welcome to TOTOLink FTP service.
Name (target.example.com:attacker): anonymous
331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> cd ..
250 Directory successfully changed.
ftp> get vsftpd.conf
200 PORT command successful. Consider using PASV.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for vsftpd.conf (1234 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
ftp> quit
221 Goodbye.

In this example, the attacker is able to log in as an anonymous user and navigate to the root directory to obtain the “vsftpd.conf” file. This file can then be analyzed to gain valuable information about the server’s configuration and potentially exploit further vulnerabilities.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary mitigation strategy for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, organizations are advised to employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation measures against potential exploits. Additionally, organizations can manually disable the “chroot_local_user” option in the “vsftpd.conf” file to prevent unauthorized access to the root directory. It is crucial to remember to monitor system logs to detect any suspicious activity continually.

Overview

CVE-2025-46122 is a critical security vulnerability discovered in CommScope Ruckus Unleashed, a popular network management software suite. The vulnerability lies in an authenticated diagnostics API endpoint which, if exploited, could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root on the targeted system. The severity of this vulnerability is underscored by a high CVSS score of 9.1, indicating a significant risk of system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of CommScope Ruckus Unleashed in enterprise environments, addressing this vulnerability should be a high priority for system administrators.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46122
Severity: Critical (9.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CommScope Ruckus Unleashed | Prior to 200.15.6.212.14 and 200.17.7.0.139

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an insecure diagnostics API endpoint (`/admin/_cmdstat.jsp`). This endpoint fails to perform adequate validation of input, allowing attacker-controlled input to be passed directly to the shell. An attacker can specify a target by MAC address and execute arbitrary commands with root-level privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability is illustrated below. This is a hypothetical HTTP POST request to the vulnerable endpoint, passing a malicious command in the “cmd” parameter:

POST /admin/_cmdstat.jsp HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Authorization: Bearer [token]
mac=00:11:22:33:44:55&cmd=;rm -rf /

In this example, the attacker is targeting a device with the MAC address `00:11:22:33:44:55` and attempts to execute a malicious command (`rm -rf /`) that deletes all files on the system.

Recommended Mitigation Steps

Users of affected versions of CommScope Ruckus Unleashed should apply the vendor-provided patch immediately. If this is not possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these should not be seen as long-term solutions, as they may not fully protect against all potential exploits of this vulnerability.

Overview

This blog post provides a comprehensive analysis of a critical vulnerability in CommScope Ruckus Unleashed systems, identified as CVE-2025-46121. This vulnerability poses a severe threat to organizations utilizing the affected software versions, as it allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on the system controller. This vulnerability is significant due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage, which could lead to devastating consequences including loss of sensitive data, disruption of operations, and reputational damage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46121
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CommScope Ruckus Unleashed | Prior to 200.15.6.212.14 and 200.17.7.0.139

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the functions `stamgr_cfg_adpt_addStaFavourite` and `stamgr_cfg_adpt_addStaIot` of CommScope Ruckus Unleashed, where a client hostname is passed directly to snprintf as the format string. An attacker can exploit this flaw in two ways. First, a crafted request can be sent to the authenticated endpoint `/admin/_conf.jsp`. Alternatively, the attacker can spoof the MAC address of a favourite station and include malicious format specifiers in the DHCP hostname field. Both methods lead to unauthenticated format-string processing and potential arbitrary code execution on the controller.

Conceptual Example Code

In the following conceptual example, an HTTP request is sent to the vulnerable endpoint with a malicious hostname containing format specifiers. This could be used to manipulate memory and execute arbitrary code on the vulnerable system.

POST /admin/_conf.jsp HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "hostname": "%n%n%n%n" }

Impact

A successful exploit of this vulnerability can lead to complete system compromise or data leakage. The attacker could potentially gain full control over the affected system, manipulate data, disrupt operations, or even use the compromised system as a launch pad for further attacks within the network.

Mitigation

To address this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. Until the patch can be applied, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may be used as temporary mitigation. This should, however, not be considered a long-term solution due to the high risk associated with this vulnerability. It’s crucial to keep systems up-to-date and follow best security practices to minimize exposure to such threats.

Overview

The cybersecurity world is once again abuzz with a freshly discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-46120, that plagues CommScope Ruckus Unleashed and ZoneDirector platforms. This critical vulnerability allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code on the controller, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage.
The severity of this vulnerability is not to be underestimated since it affects a wide range of enterprise-grade wireless systems. These devices are often used in environments where network security is paramount, such as commercial businesses, government facilities, and educational institutions. With the ability to exploit this vulnerability, attackers could potentially disrupt the operations of these organizations, leading to significant data and financial losses.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46120
Severity: Critical (9.8/10 on the CVSS scale)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CommScope Ruckus Unleashed | Prior to 200.15.6.212.27 and 200.18.7.1.323
Ruckus ZoneDirector | Prior to 10.5.1.0.282

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies within the web interface of the affected Ruckus platforms. Specifically, a path-traversal flaw allows the server to execute attacker-supplied EJS templates outside of the permitted directories. An attacker can upload a malicious template, for example, via FTP, to the server. Once uploaded, the server can be tricked into executing this template, which could contain arbitrary code, leading to privilege escalation and potential system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is given below:

ftp target.example.com
Name (target.example.com:attacker): anonymous
331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> put malicious.ejs /path/to/vulnerable/directory
200 PORT command successful. Consider using PASV.
150 Ok to send data.
226 Transfer complete.
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.

In this example, an attacker anonymously logs into the FTP server of the target device and uploads a malicious EJS template (`malicious.ejs`) to a vulnerable directory on the server. The server, due to the path-traversal flaw, can then execute the malicious template, leading to a potential system compromise.

Overview

The CVE-2025-7382 is a high-risk vulnerability that affects the WebAdmin interface of Sophos Firewall versions older than 21.0 MR2 (21.0.2). This command injection vulnerability poses a serious threat to organizations as it allows adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on High Availability (HA) auxiliary devices without needing to authenticate first, provided OTP authentication for the admin user is enabled. As such, it’s crucial for network administrators and cybersecurity professionals to understand the implications of this vulnerability and how to mitigate its potential impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-7382
Severity: High (8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Sophos Firewall | Older than 21.0 MR2 (21.0.2)

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a command injection weakness in the WebAdmin interface of older Sophos Firewall versions. Attackers can craft malicious inputs that are interpreted as part of the command to be executed by the system. When these inputs are processed, the system executes the attacker’s code, hence achieving pre-auth code execution on HA auxiliary devices.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of exploiting this vulnerability could involve sending a malicious HTTP POST request to a vulnerable endpoint, as illustrated below:

POST /WebAdmin/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_command": "rm -rf /*" }

In this example, if the malicious_command payload is processed by the system, it could potentially delete all files, leading to a system compromise.

Mitigation

The most effective way to mitigate the impact of CVE-2025-7382 is to apply the vendor-provided patch, which upgrades the Sophos Firewall to a version where this vulnerability is fixed (21.0 MR2 or later). In case applying the patch is not immediately feasible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation measures, preventing the execution of malicious commands. Regular monitoring and updating of system components and applications is a best practice that can help prevent future vulnerabilities.