Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity industry has recently witnessed another critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-8170, that poses significant risk to TOTOLINK T6 routers. This vulnerability affects the ‘tcpcheck_net’ function of the file ‘/router/meshSlaveDlfw’ in the MQTT Packet Handler component. With the potential to compromise systems or lead to data leakage, this vulnerability has been classified as critical. It is noteworthy that this flaw can be exploited remotely, and thus, it requires immediate attention from network administrators and security teams managing TOTOLINK T6 routers.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8170
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK T6 | 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015

How the Exploit Works

The exploit revolves around the manipulation of the ‘serverIp’ argument in the ‘tcpcheck_net’ function. The ‘serverIp’ argument is not properly validated, which allows a remote attacker to send a specially crafted MQTT packet causing a buffer overflow condition. This can lead to arbitrary code execution, potentially allowing the attacker to take control of the system or cause data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability might be exploited with a malicious MQTT packet. Here is a conceptual representation of such an exploit:

POST /router/meshSlaveDlfw HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "serverIp": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA..." }

In this conceptual example, “AAAAAAAA…” represents an overly long string that causes a buffer overflow. This is a simplified representation for illustrative purposes, and a real exploit would likely use more complex data to achieve code execution.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of TOTOLINK T6 routers are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. Until then, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. Regularly monitoring network traffic for any signs of abnormal activity can also help in early detection and prevention of an exploit.
Please note that this is a high-severity vulnerability. Prompt action is required to protect your systems and data from potential breaches.

Overview

The cybersecurity world is once again on high alert following the discovery of a critical vulnerability in D-Link DIR-513 1.10. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-8169, potentially impacts millions of users worldwide, and is particularly concerning given that the affected products are no longer supported by the maintainer. Due to its severity and the possible consequences of exploitation, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is of utmost importance for all users of the affected products.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8169
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-513 | 1.10

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a buffer overflow in the HTTP POST Request Handler of the D-Link DIR-513 1.10. By manipulating the ‘curTime’ argument in the ‘formSetWanPPTPcallback’ function of the ‘/goform/formSetWanPPTPpath’ file, an attacker can overflow the buffer, causing the system to act unpredictably or crash. This can potentially provide an attacker with unauthorized access to the system, leading to system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of a malicious HTTP POST request that may exploit this vulnerability:

POST /goform/formSetWanPPTPpath HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
curTime=1234567...[continue until buffer overflow]

In this example, the ‘curTime’ argument is filled with a large amount of data, likely far exceeding the buffer’s capacity, leading to a buffer overflow. This could potentially crash the system or enable the attacker to execute arbitrary code, depending on the specific implementation of the buffer.

Mitigation Guidance

Unfortunately, as the affected product is no longer supported by D-Link, no official patches will be released to address this vulnerability. As a temporary measure, users can deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent exploitation attempts. However, given the severity of this vulnerability, the most secure course of action would be to replace the affected routers with more recent, supported models.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is a minefield of vulnerabilities, each with the potential to wreak havoc if not properly addressed. One such vulnerability, discovered in the D-Link DIR-513 1.10, poses a significant threat to out-of-support products. The vulnerability is cataloged under the identifier CVE-2025-8168 and has been given a critical severity rating. This is due to its potential for remote exploitation, leading to system compromise or data leakage. It is crucial for all users and system administrators of affected products to understand the risks associated with this vulnerability and take immediate action to mitigate its potential impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8168
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-513 | 1.10

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a buffer overflow condition within the websAspInit function of the /goform/formSetWanPPPoE file. Specifically, the manipulation of the ‘curTime’ argument can lead to this overflow. Buffer overflows occur when more data is written into a buffer than it can handle, leading to the corruption of adjacent memory spaces. This vulnerability is particularly dangerous because it can be remotely exploited, offering an attacker the ability to execute arbitrary code on the affected system.

Conceptual Example Code

To provide a basic understanding of how this vulnerability might be exploited, consider the following conceptual HTTP request. This is not an actual exploit, but rather a demonstration of how the ‘curTime’ argument could be manipulated to trigger a buffer overflow.

POST /goform/formSetWanPPPoE HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
curTime=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...

In this example, the ‘curTime’ argument is overfilled with the letter ‘A’, which could potentially cause a buffer overflow in systems vulnerable to CVE-2025-8168.

Mitigation Guidance

To protect against this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-supplied patch. In cases where this is not possible, such as when products are no longer supported by the manufacturer, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation. These solutions can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, they should not be considered a long-term solution. Users and system administrators are strongly urged to update or replace affected products as soon as possible to ensure the security of their networks.

Overview

In the realm of cybersecurity, one of the most prevalent vulnerabilities is Cross Site Scripting (XSS). This vulnerability has once again reared its ugly head in the recent Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) identified as CVE-2025-46198. This particular vulnerability affects the Grav Content Management System (CMS), specifically versions 1.7.46 through 1.7.48. It’s a critical issue as it allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code through a seemingly benign image element. Given the prominence and widespread use of Grav CMS, this vulnerability has the potential to compromise systems and data on a large scale.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46198
Severity: High (8.8 based on CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Grav CMS | 1.7.46
Grav CMS | 1.7.47
Grav CMS | 1.7.48

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability. A successful attack involves an attacker injecting malicious scripts into webpages viewed by other users. Specifically, CVE-2025-46198 allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code via the ‘onerror’ attribute of the ‘img’ element. This attribute is designed to handle error events; however, in this scenario, it becomes a loophole through which an attacker can inject and execute harmful scripts.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a simplified representation and the actual malicious script can be far more sophisticated and damaging.

<img src="nonexistent.jpg" onerror="malicious_script();">

In this example, the ‘src’ attribute is set to a non-existent image, which triggers the ‘onerror’ event. This event then executes the ‘malicious_script()’, which could be any arbitrary code that the attacker wishes to run on the user’s system.
Remember, this is a high severity vulnerability. It’s recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it’s available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation.

Overview

The security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-29629 is a serious flaw that resides in Gardyn 4, a widely used home automation system. This vulnerability could allow an attacker to remotely execute arbitrary code and obtain sensitive information, potentially compromising the entire system or leading to data leakage. With a CVSS Severity Score of 8.8, it’s crucial that users and administrators understand the impact of this vulnerability and apply the necessary patches or mitigative measures.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29629
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Gardyn 4 | All versions up to latest

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the Gardyn Home component of the Gardyn 4 system. It appears that due to improper input validation, an attacker can send specially crafted data packets to this component. Once the malicious packets are received, the Gardyn Home component processes them, inadvertently executing the attacker’s arbitrary code and potentially leaking sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using an HTTP POST request to a vulnerable endpoint:

POST /gardyn/home HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "<INSERT ARBITRARY CODE HERE>" }

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest vendor-supplied patches immediately. In the absence of such patches, or until they can be applied, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can potentially block the malicious traffic or alert administrators to an ongoing attack.

Overview

The cybersecurity community recently identified a critical vulnerability in Unitree Go1’s firmware. The flaw, cataloged as CVE-2025-45466, exposes the system to potential compromise due to hardcoded plaintext authentication credentials. This vulnerability is particularly concerning as it affects all versions up to and including Go1_2022_05_11. The potential damage that can be caused by this vulnerability is severe and could lead to significant data leaks or even total system control. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for users and system administrators to understand the nature of this vulnerability and take the necessary precautions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45466
Severity: High (CVSS:8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Unitree Go1 | <= Go1_2022_05_11 How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of hardcoded authentication credentials in plaintext in the firmware of the Unitree Go1. A malicious actor could discover these credentials and use them to gain unauthorized access to the system. Once in, they can manipulate the system, potentially gaining control over data and resources.

Conceptual Example Code

Let’s consider a conceptual scenario where the attacker sends a network request to the system, exploiting the vulnerability.

GET /login HTTP/1.1
Host: unitree.example.com
Authorization: Basic [hardcoded plaintext credentials]

The above example showcases how the hardcoded plaintext credentials could be used in the HTTP authorization field to gain access to the system.

Mitigation Guidelines

To mitigate the risk posed by CVE-2025-45466, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. However, if for some reason the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help detect and prevent unauthorized access attempts, thus reducing the risk of exploitation. Additionally, it is advised to regularly update all systems and applications to the latest versions, as they often include security patches for known vulnerabilities.

Overview

A severe cybersecurity vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-54416, has been discovered that concerns Github users, particularly those relying on the tj-actions/branch-names repository. This repository offers Github actions that retrieve branch or tag names, offering support for all event types. The vulnerability is critical, as it enables arbitrary command execution, a possibility that opens up a system to significant security risks. It’s particularly alarming considering the popularity and widespread use of Github actions, making this vulnerability one that demands immediate attention and remediation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54416
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.1)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

tj-actions/branch-names | Versions 8.2.1 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises because of inconsistent input sanitization and unescaped output in the tj-actions/branch-names’ Github Action workflows. Malicious actors can exploit specially crafted branch names or tags. Despite the internal sanitization mechanisms in place, the action outputs remain vulnerable, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage if exploited.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability could be exploited by using a specially crafted branch name or tag. Conceptually, it can be demonstrated as follows:

$ git branch '; rm -rf /'
$ git push origin '; rm -rf /'

In this conceptual example, a branch name containing a command injection payload (i.e., ‘; rm -rf /’) is created and pushed to the remote repository. When the tj-actions/branch-names Github Action processes this branch name, it may inadvertently execute the injected command, leading to arbitrary command execution.

Mitigation Strategies

Users are strongly advised to update to version 9.0.0 of tj-actions/branch-names, where this vulnerability is patched. For those unable to update immediately, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. This measure can help detect and block potentially malicious payloads in branch or tag names. However, this should be considered only as a temporary solution until the patch can be applied.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-30135 is a critical security flaw discovered in IROAD Dashcam FX2 devices. It pertains to the lack of authentication controls on both the HTTP and RTSP interfaces, which can potentially lead to unauthorized data retrieval and potential system compromise. This vulnerability is particularly significant as it exposes sensitive files and video recordings, putting users’ privacy and security at risk. As dashcams are widely utilized for various security purposes, the impact of this vulnerability can be widespread and severe if not mitigated promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30135
Severity: Critical – 9.4 (CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthenticated data retrieval, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

IROAD Dashcam FX2 | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the lack of authentication controls on the HTTP and RTSP interfaces of IROAD Dashcam FX2 devices. An attacker can connect to the HTTP interface at http://192.168.10.1/mnt/extsd/event/ to download all stored video recordings in an unencrypted format. Similarly, the attacker can access the RTSP stream on port 8554 without needing any authentication, allowing them to view live footage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using an HTTP request to download the stored video recordings:

GET /mnt/extsd/event/ HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.10.1

Alternatively, an attacker might use an RTSP client to access the live footage:

rtsp://192.168.10.1:8554/

Mitigation Guidance

It is strongly advised that users apply the vendor-supplied patch to address this vulnerability. In the absence of such a patch, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation solutions. These systems can help detect and block unauthorized attempts to access the sensitive interfaces. Users should also consider implementing secure access controls, such as robust authentication mechanisms, to further protect these interfaces.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is an ever-evolving one with new vulnerabilities being discovered daily. The vulnerability we are focusing on for our blog post today is CVE-2025-6895, which exposes a critical security flaw in the Melapress Login Security Plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability is of high concern due to the wide use of WordPress and its plugins, making it a potential target for cybercriminals worldwide.
The Melapress Login Security plugin, a widely used security solution for WordPress sites, has been found to have an Authentication Bypass vulnerability. The severity of this vulnerability is particularly high because it allows an unauthenticated attacker with knowledge of an arbitrary user meta value to bypass authentication checks and log in as that user, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6895
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Melapress Login Security Plugin for WordPress | 2.1.0 to 2.1.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the get_valid_user_based_on_token() function of the Melapress Login Security plugin. This function is missing an authorization check which would typically verify the authenticity of the user trying to log in. In absence of this check, an attacker can use a known user meta value to trick the function into verifying them as a valid user, thereby granting them unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1
Host: targetsite.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
log=known_meta_value&pwd=&wp-submit=Log+In

In this example, the attacker sends a HTTP POST request to the WordPress login page, using a known user meta value as the login (log). As the plugin fails to properly validate the user based on the provided meta value, it grants the attacker access to the user’s account.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of the Melapress Login Security Plugin for WordPress should apply the vendor’s patch immediately. If unable to do so, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure until the patch can be applied.

Overview

The CVE-2025-46199 is a severe vulnerability that has been identified in Grav, a popular open-source modern Content Management System (CMS). This vulnerability is a type of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack, which allows an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code via crafted scripts in the form fields of the CMS. Given the widespread use of Grav for building and managing websites, this vulnerability, if left unpatched, can affect a large number of users and organizations, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46199
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Grav | v.1.7.48 and before

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by injecting malicious scripts into the form fields of Grav. These scripts can then be executed in the browser of a user viewing the form, potentially leading to unauthorized access, system compromise, or data leakage. The attacker does not require any special privileges to exploit this vulnerability, and the attack can be carried out over the network.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of a crafted HTTP POST request that could potentially exploit this vulnerability:

POST /grav/form HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
form_field=<img src='x' onerror='alert(document.cookie)'>

In this example, the attacker attempts to inject a script (“``”) into the form field. This script is designed to trigger an error, causing the ‘onerror’ event handler to execute and display an alert with the user’s cookies. This is a simple example, but in a real attack scenario, the script could contain commands to steal sensitive information or even gain control over the system.

How to Mitigate

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor-provided patch to fix this vulnerability. If a patch is not yet available or cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These tools can help detect and block potential XSS attacks. However, they should not be seen as a long-term solution, as they may not be able to block all possible attack vectors.