Author: Ameeba

Overview

The BIOSIG project’s libbiosig version 3.9.0, a popular software library for biomedical signal processing, contains a critical vulnerability that potentially allows a successful attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system. This vulnerability, assigned the identifier CVE-2025-54493, exists in the MFER parsing functionality of the software. It’s of paramount importance due to its severity, the widespread usage of the library, and the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54493
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: File
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0, Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a stack-based buffer overflow in the MFER parsing functionality. Specifically, it manifests when a specially crafted MFER file is processed, triggering arbitrary code execution. When the Tag is 131 during processing, as seen on line 9184 of biosig.c on the current master branch, an improper length check can cause the buffer overflow.

Conceptual Example Code

Conceivably, an attacker could create a malicious MFER file with a specific tag of 131, but with a length not equal to 7. The example below outlines the potential structure of such a file:

Tag: 131
Length: 10
Data: [malicious code]

In this scenario, the crafted MFER file would exploit the buffer overflow vulnerability when processed, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.

Impact of the Exploit

A successful exploit of this vulnerability could lead to the compromise of the system running the vulnerable software version. Depending on the permissions of the process, this could allow an attacker to view, modify or delete data, create new accounts with full user rights, and even introduce additional malicious software to further compromise the system.

Recommended Mitigations

Users of the affected software should apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available to mitigate this vulnerability. In the meantime, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation, potentially alerting to or blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
Regular software updates and patch management, alongside a robust cybersecurity framework, can greatly reduce the risk of such vulnerabilities being successfully exploited.

Overview

CVE-2025-54492 is a critical vulnerability that affects The Biosig Project libbiosig version 3.9.0 and the Master Branch (35a819fa). This vulnerability is a buffer overflow that potentially allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code, possibly leading to system compromise or data leakage. This security flaw matters because it could enable a malicious actor to disrupt the operations of affected systems or steal sensitive information, which could lead to significant business and reputation damage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54492
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0, Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig. It occurs due to a stack-based buffer overflow on line 9141 of biosig.c when the Tag is 67. In this case, the address of the newly-defined integer `skew` is overflowed instead of `buf`. This means that a stack overflow can occur with much smaller values of `len` in this code path. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by providing a specially crafted MFER file that would cause the buffer overflow, leading to arbitrary code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

This conceptual example demonstrates how a malicious MFER file might be used to exploit the vulnerability:

$ nc target.example.com 1234 < malicious.mfer

In this example, netcat (`nc`) is used to send a malicious MFER file to the vulnerable system over a network connection. The malicious file contains data crafted in such a way that it triggers the buffer overflow and allows arbitrary code execution.

Mitigation and Remediation

The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor patch. In scenarios where immediate patching is not feasible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
Ensure to continuously monitor the security advisories from The Biosig Project and perform regular security updates. It’s also recommended to follow the principle of least privilege and segment networks to limit the potential impact of a breach.

Overview

The Biosig Project libbiosig, a widely used software library for biomedical signal processing, is currently at risk due to a critical buffer overflow vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-54491. This vulnerability could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on a system running a vulnerable version of the software, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. The severity of this vulnerability and its broad potential impact underline the urgent need for timely mitigation steps to protect systems and data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54491
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Local file system
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0, Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the MFER parsing functionality of libbiosig. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting a malicious MFER file that triggers a stack-based buffer overflow. This buffer overflow occurs on line 9191 of biosig.c when the Tag is 65, leading to arbitrary code execution. The attacker would need to trick the user into opening the malicious file, which could be done through various social engineering tactics.

Conceptual Example Code

While it is not advisable to provide real exploit code, a conceptual example might look like this:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
// MFER file with malicious payload
char buf[1000] = "malicious_payload";
// Open the vulnerable file
FILE *hdr = fopen("vulnerable.mfer", "wb");
// Write the payload to the file
fwrite(buf, sizeof(char), sizeof(buf), hdr);
fclose(hdr);
return 0;
}

In this example, a buffer `buf` is filled with a malicious payload and written to a MFER file `vulnerable.mfer`. When this file is opened with the vulnerable version of libbiosig, the payload is executed, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as possible. If a patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Additionally, users should be cautious of unsolicited files and consider scanning all files with an up-to-date antivirus solution before opening.

Overview

The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa) is a library widely used for handling biomedical signal data. It has been discovered that a severe stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability (CVE-2025-54490) exists in the MFER parsing functionality of this library. This vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to arbitrary code execution, posing a grave threat to the security and integrity of systems running the vulnerable versions of the library. With a CVSS Severity Score of 9.8, it is essential for cybersecurity professionals, system administrators, and developers to understand the nature of this vulnerability and how to mitigate its potential impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54490
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the MFER parsing functionality of the Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). It triggers on line 9090 of biosig.c, when the Tag is 64. In this scenario, an overflowed buffer `tmp` is declared instead of `buf`. Although `tmp` is larger than `buf`, measuring 256 bytes, a stack overflow can occur if `len` is encoded using multiple octets and is greater than 256. This stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability can be exploited by an attacker providing a specially crafted MFER file, leading to arbitrary code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

While we can’t provide a real MFER file, the exploit would conceptually involve creating a malicious MFER file with a `len` value greater than 256. Below is a simplistic representation:

# Pseudocode for creating a malicious MFER file
def create_malicious_file():
len_value = generate_len_value()  # This would generate a len value > 256
tag_value = 64  # The tag value that triggers the vulnerability
mfer_file = MFERFile()
mfer_file.set_tag(tag_value)
mfer_file.set_len(len_value)
mfer_file.save("malicious.mfer")

This pseudocode illustrates the concept of how an attacker might create a malicious MFER file to exploit the vulnerability. The actual exploit would involve more complex manipulations and a deep understanding of the MFER file format and the Biosig library.

Mitigation

Users of the affected versions of The Biosig Project libbiosig are strongly recommended to apply patches provided by the vendor as soon as they are available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation, helping to detect and prevent attempts to exploit the vulnerability. However, these measures are not foolproof and cannot replace the need for a patched and updated system.

Overview

In the realm of cybersecurity, a new critical vulnerability has been identified in the Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and its Master Branch. The vulnerability, tagged as “CVE-2025-54489,” is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability that could potentially lead to arbitrary code execution if a specially crafted MFER file is provided by an attacker. The vulnerability is of high concern due to its impact on the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the affected systems, making it a high-priority issue for any organization using the affected product.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54489
Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise, arbitrary code execution or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability that exists in the MFER parsing functionality of the Biosig Project libbiosig. This vulnerability manifests when the Tag is 63. The number of bytes read is not the Data Length decoded from the current frame in the file (`len`) but rather is a new length contained in a single octet read from the same input file (`len2`). A stack-based buffer overflow condition can occur despite this as the destination buffer is `buf`, which has a size of only 128 bytes, while `len2` can be as large as 255.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example in pseudocode of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

# Assuming the attacker has control over the MFER file provided
mfer_file = open('malicious.mfer', 'w')
tag = 63
len = 128  # not exceeding buf size
tag2 = 0
len2 = 255  # exceeding buf size
# Write these values to the MFER file
mfer_file.write(tag)
mfer_file.write(len)
mfer_file.write(tag2)
mfer_file.write(len2)
# Fill with arbitrary data to cause buffer overflow
for _ in range(len2):
mfer_file.write('A')
mfer_file.close()

In this example, the attacker crafts an MFER file that when parsed, causes a buffer overflow due to the mismatch between `len` and `len2` values. This could potentially allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system.

Mitigation Guidance

All users are strongly recommended to apply the vendor’s patch to mitigate the risk of this vulnerability. In the interim, organizations can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and possibly block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The Biosig Project libbiosig has encountered a severe vulnerability in its MFER parsing functionality. This stack-based buffer overflow flaw, known as CVE-2025-54488, is a critical cybersecurity issue that affects libbiosig 3.9.0 and the Master Branch (35a819fa). The vulnerability has the potential to affect a wide range of systems and applications that utilize the libbiosig library for their operation, making it a significant concern for many organizations.
The exploitation of this vulnerability can lead to arbitrary code execution, which can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This is why understanding and mitigating this threat is crucial, as it can have severe consequences for the security and integrity of information systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54488
Severity: Critical, CVSS score of 9.8
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Arbitrary code execution, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0, Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig. When the parsing function encounters a specific MFER file, which has been maliciously crafted by an attacker, a buffer overflow condition is triggered. This condition can then be leveraged to execute arbitrary code on the affected system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. It assumes that an attacker can manipulate the MFER file that is being parsed by the libbiosig library:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
char malicious_code[] = "malicious code here";
void trigger_vulnerability(char *input) {
char buf[8];
strcpy(buf, input);
}
int main() {
trigger_vulnerability(malicious_code);
return 0;
}

In this example, the malicious_code string is longer than the buffer can handle, triggering a stack-based buffer overflow when the function `trigger_vulnerability` is called. This overflow can then be manipulated to execute arbitrary code.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until the patch is applied, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation measures. Regular patching and updating of systems are crucial to ensuring the security of systems against such vulnerabilities.

Overview

In the realm of cybersecurity, a newly discovered stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability, CVE-2025-54487, threatens the security of systems utilizing The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). This vulnerability is particularly dangerous due to its potential to allow arbitrary code execution, thus providing an attacker with an avenue to compromise a system or leak sensitive data. Given its severity and potential impact, it is vital for organizations and individuals alike to understand the nature of this vulnerability and take proactive steps to mitigate its risks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54487
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: No
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0, Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability originates from the MFER parsing functionality in the Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch. When parsing a specially crafted MFER file, an attacker could trigger arbitrary code execution. This is caused by a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability present on line 8842 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 12.
Values of `len` greater than 130 or smaller than 2 can trigger this overflow. The latter case can cause an integer underflow when calculating `len-2` in the given code path, leading to buffer overflow and a potential for malicious code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode illustrates a potential exploit:

#include <stdio.h>
// Assume the following MFER file structure
struct MFER {
int tag;
int len;
char buf[128];
};
// An attacker could craft an MFER file as follows:
struct MFER malicious_file;
malicious_file.tag = 12;
malicious_file.len = 131; // or malicious_file.len = 1;
// The buffer is filled with malicious payload
for (int i = 0; i < malicious_file.len; i++) {
malicious_file.buf[i] = 'A'; // This could be replaced with malicious code
}

In this conceptual example, an attacker crafts an MFER file with a `tag` of 12 and a `len` value of 131 or 1. This `len` value triggers the buffer overflow in the Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0, allowing the attacker’s malicious code to be executed.

Mitigation and Recommendations

The best mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation. It is also advisable to restrict the processing of untrusted MFER files until the patch is applied.

Overview

A severe vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-54485, has been identified in The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). This vulnerability is a stack-based buffer overflow that resides in the MFER parsing functionality of the software, opening a door for attackers to execute arbitrary code on the affected system. This vulnerability can potentially impact any system running the affected versions of libbiosig, posing significant threats to data confidentiality and system integrity.
Given the high severity of this vulnerability, with a CVSS score of 9.8, it is crucial for administrators and IT professionals to understand its implications, how it functions, and what mitigation steps can be taken.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54485
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Local/Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability originates from a stack-based buffer overflow in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A buffer overflow occurs when more data is written into a buffer than it can handle, which can corrupt data, crash the program, or lead to the execution of malicious code.
In the case of CVE-2025-54485, a specially crafted MFER file can trigger the vulnerability, leading to arbitrary code execution. This vulnerability manifests on line 8785 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 8.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious MFER file:

$ ./vulnerable_binary $(python -c 'print("A"*250)') // where 250 is greater than the buffer size

This command would generate an MFER file with a payload of “A” characters repeated 250 times, which could cause a buffer overflow if the buffer size is less than 250. This overflow could then allow the execution of arbitrary code.
Remember, this is a simplified example and real-world exploits would likely involve more sophisticated techniques and custom payloads.

Recommended Mitigations

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the absence of a vendor patch, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation.
Moreover, it is advisable to always monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic for suspicious activities, and to follow best security practices such as limiting the privileges of system processes and regularly updating and patching all systems and software.