Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape has been hit by yet another substantial security flaw, this time in the realm of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications and online serving systems. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-54381, affects BentoML, a widely used Python library that streamlines the process of building machine learning models for AI applications. The flaw is significant due to BentoML’s prevalent usage in the AI field, with the potential to compromise numerous AI applications and online serving systems.
The core of this issue lies in an SSRF vulnerability found within BentoML’s file upload processing system, which allows unauthenticated remote attackers to manipulate the server into making arbitrary HTTP requests. This could lead to system compromises or data leakage, highlighting the severity of the threat.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54381
Severity: Critical (9.9 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BentoML Python Library | 1.4.0 to 1.4.19

How the Exploit Works

The flaw resides in the multipart form data and JSON request handlers of the BentoML library. These handlers automatically download files from user-provided URLs without running any validation checks on whether these URLs point to internal network addresses, cloud metadata endpoints, or other restricted resources. This lack of validation enables an attacker to craft malicious URLs that could force the server to make arbitrary HTTP requests, potentially leading to SSRF attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /file/upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data
{ "file_url": "http://internal.network/sensitive/data" }

In this example, the attacker uses a crafted HTTP POST request to the server’s file upload endpoint, providing a URL (`http://internal.network/sensitive/data`) that points to a restricted resource on the internal network. The server, lacking proper validation, could then unwittingly download and expose sensitive data.

Prevention and Mitigation

The BentoML team has already issued a patch in the 1.4.19 version that addresses this vulnerability. Therefore, users are strongly advised to update their BentoML Python library to the latest version. As a temporary mitigation, users can apply a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to help detect and prevent potential SSRF attacks. However, these measures should be seen as temporary solutions, and the patch should be applied as soon as possible.

Overview

The CVE-2025-6505 is a critical vulnerability that impacts versions 4.6.2.3226 and below of Progress Software’s Hybrid Data Pipeline Server on Linux. This vulnerability exposes systems to unauthorized access and impersonation, presenting a significant risk to the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of data. The threat arises when OAuth Clients perform an OAuth handshake with the Hybrid Data Pipeline Server, as the server accepts client credentials from both HTTP headers and request parameters.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6505
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access, Impersonation, Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Progress Software’s Hybrid Data Pipeline Server | 4.6.2.3226 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the server’s acceptance of client credentials from both HTTP headers and request parameters during an OAuth handshake. An attacker can exploit this by combining credentials from different sources, allowing them to impersonate legitimate clients and gain unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this hypothetical scenario, an attacker sends a malicious POST request with both HTTP headers and request parameters containing client credentials.

POST /oauth/token HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-server.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Basic [legitimate client credentials]
{
"grant_type": "password",
"username": "[attacker's username]",
"password": "[attacker's password]",
"client_id": "[legitimate client id]",
"client_secret": "[legitimate client secret]"
}

The server, unable to distinguish between the legitimate client credentials from the HTTP headers and the malicious credentials from the request parameters, grants the attacker access, leading to unauthorized access and potential data leakage.

Mitigation and Recommendations

The ideal solution is to apply the vendor patch which addresses this vulnerability. If unable to apply the patch immediately, consider implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. Additionally, regularly audit your systems to detect any unusual activity and ensure that all systems run the most recent software version.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a significant security flaw dubbed CVE-2025-40600. This vulnerability resides in the SonicOS SSL VPN interface. Exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to service disruption and potential compromises of systems and data leakage. With a CVSS severity score of 9.8, this issue is a critical concern for systems utilizing SonicOS SSL VPN interface, requiring immediate attention and mitigation.
The vulnerability’s severity stems from its potential impact on data security and integrity. By exploiting this flaw, a remote, unauthenticated attacker could disrupt services or even gain unauthorized access to sensitive information. This vulnerability presents a substantial risk to the integrity and confidentiality of data, as well as the availability of services.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40600
Severity: Critical (CVSS score: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Disruption of service and potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SonicOS SSL VPN | All current versions

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-40600 vulnerability is an instance of an Externally-Controlled Format String flaw. This type of vulnerability occurs when untrusted input is not properly sanitized and is used as part of a format string in a formatted output function.
In the case of the SonicOS SSL VPN interface, an attacker can manipulate the format string to disrupt the service or potentially execute arbitrary code. This is achieved by sending specially crafted payloads containing format string specifiers to the vulnerable interface.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example, in which an attacker sends a malicious payload to the SonicOS SSL VPN interface:

POST /vpn/interface HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
data=%25x.%25x.%25x.%25x.%25x.%25x.%25n

In this example, the `%25x` sequences are format string specifiers. A vulnerable system would interpret these as instructions to write to memory, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or service disruption.

Prevention and Mitigation

The primary prevention method for CVE-2025-40600 is to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. This patch will correct the flaw in the SonicOS SSL VPN interface that allows the exploit to function.
In the interim, or if a patch cannot be applied immediately, organizations can use Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. These systems should be configured to detect and block suspicious payloads containing format string specifiers sent to the SonicOS SSL VPN interface.
Remember, the most effective security strategy involves a layered approach. Regular patching, coupled with robust detection and prevention systems, will provide the most effective defense against vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-40600.

Overview

The cyber world is witnessing a significant increase in the number of vulnerabilities that have the potential to compromise the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of organizational data. One such critical vulnerability has been recently discovered in the Human Resource Management System version 1.0, labeled as CVE-2025-40682. This vulnerability is of particular concern to businesses and organizations that utilize the HR Management System for their operations as it allows an attacker to manipulate databases through SQL injection via the “city” and “state” parameters in the /controller/ccity.php endpoint.
Due to its high severity score and potential impact on businesses, CVE-2025-40682 demands immediate attention and rectification to prevent potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40682
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Human Resource Management System | Version 1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the lack of proper input validation for the “city” and “state” parameters in the /controller/ccity.php endpoint. An attacker can input malicious SQL code into these parameters, which the system then executes. This allows the attacker to interact directly with the database, enabling them to retrieve, create, update, and delete database entries.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request:

POST /controller/ccity.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
city=NewYork';DROP TABLE Employees;--&state=NY

In the above example, the attacker uses the SQL Injection attack to delete the “Employees” table from the database. The semicolon (;) is used to end the original SQL statement, and the ‘–‘ symbol indicates the start of a comment, effectively ignoring the rest of the actual query.

Recommended Mitigation

The most effective mitigation measure is to apply the vendor’s patch. If the patch is not available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these should be seen as stop-gap measures, and the patch should be applied as soon as it is available to ensure long-term security.

Overview

In the modern digital landscape, security vulnerabilities are a critical concern for businesses and individuals alike. The recent discovery of a new vulnerability, named CVE-2025-44137, in MapTiler Tileserver-php v2.0, has raised eyebrows among cybersecurity experts. This vulnerability is related to Directory Traversal, a type of attack where an attacker can gain unauthorized access to restricted directories and execute commands outside of the web server’s root directory.
The significance of CVE-2025-44137 lies in its ability to pose a severe threat to web servers using MapTiler Tileserver-php v2.0, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage. Therefore, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is of utmost importance.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44137
Severity: High (8.2 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MapTiler Tileserver-php | v2.0

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is based on a flaw in the renderTile function within tileserver.php. The function, which is designed to deliver tiles stored as files on the server via web request, incorrectly handles file paths. This flaw allows an attacker to manipulate the file path by inserting “../”, which can enable the attacker to read any file on the webserver. The affected GET parameters are “TileMatrix”, “TileRow”, “TileCol”, and “Format”.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request:

GET /tileserver.php?TileMatrix=../etc/passwd&TileRow=&TileCol=&Format= HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker sends a GET request to the server, manipulating the ‘TileMatrix’ parameter to traverse the directory structure and potentially access sensitive files such as ‘/etc/passwd’, which contains user account details.

Recommendations for Mitigation

To mitigate the risks posed by CVE-2025-44137, users of MapTiler Tileserver-php should apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching software can also help prevent future exploitation of vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-44137.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continually evolving, and threats can arise from unexpected corners. One such issue is the recent discovery of a vulnerability, CVE-2025-31965, in the web interface of HCL BigFix Remote Control Server. This vulnerability impacts versions 10.1.0.0248 and lower and allows non-admin users to view unauthorized information on certain web pages. Its severity is significant, with a CVSS score of 8.2, and it poses a potential risk for system compromise or data leakage. Therefore, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is crucial for all users of HCL BigFix Remote Control Server.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31965
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.2)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized information access leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

HCL BigFix Remote Control Server WebUI | 10.1.0.0248 and lower

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to improper access restrictions implemented by the HCL BigFix Remote Control Server WebUI. In versions 10.1.0.0248 and lower, non-admin users can access and view unauthorized information on certain web pages. The information leakage may provide malicious actors with critical data that can be used to compromise the system further or exploit other vulnerabilities.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is a non-admin user sending a GET request to a restricted web page. The server, due to the improper access restrictions, responds with confidential data. The request might look like this:

GET /restricted/page HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

The server then responds with data that should only be accessible to admin users.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of HCL BigFix Remote Control Server WebUI should apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. If immediate patching is not feasible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these measures should only be seen as a stopgap, and the official vendor patch should still be applied when available.

Overview

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, a new vulnerability has been discovered that threatens the security of systems running NanoMQ v0.21.10. The vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2024-42655, allows attackers to bypass security restrictions and gain access to sensitive system topic messages. This vulnerability is of significant concern due to its potential to lead to system compromise or data leakage. All businesses and institutions using NanoMQ v0.21.10 are advised to take immediate action to mitigate the effects of this vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-42655
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NanoMQ | v0.21.10

How the Exploit Works

The exploit capitalizes on an access control issue in NanoMQ v0.21.10. An attacker can use MQTT wildcard characters to bypass security restrictions. MQTT, or Message Queue Telemetry Transport, is a lightweight messaging protocol used by devices on the Internet of Things. The vulnerability allows an attacker to access sensitive system topic messages which could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example is not a real exploit code but rather an illustrative concept:

CONNECT /mqtt HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-nanomq-server.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "topic": "#", "qos": 0 }

In the above example, the attacker is making a connection request to the MQTT broker (NanoMQ server) and subscribing to the wildcard topic ‘#. This wildcard character allows the attacker to receive all messages, including sensitive system topic messages that they would otherwise not have access to.

Recommendations and Mitigations

The vendor has released a patch to address this vulnerability. It is strongly recommended to apply the patch for NanoMQ v0.21.10 as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may be used to filter out malicious MQTT requests. However, this is only a temporary solution and does not substitute for the vendor’s patch.
It is crucial to understand the severity of CVE-2024-42655 and take immediate action to protect your system. Cybersecurity isn’t just about protection; it’s about being proactive and staying one step ahead of potential threats.

Overview

The CVE-2025-6504 vulnerability is a critical security flaw that affects versions of HDP Server below 4.6.2.2978 on Linux. This vulnerability, involving unauthorized access through IP spoofing, poses a serious threat for system administrators and users alike. The exploit leverages the X-Forwarded-For (XFF) header, a client-controlled element, to bypass IP restrictions. While a successful attack would still require valid user credentials, it significantly lowers the barriers to unauthorized access, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6504
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.4)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

HDP Server | Versions below 4.6.2.2978

How the Exploit Works

The exploit hinges on the X-Forwarded-For (XFF) header, a de facto standard for identifying the originating IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy. This header is client-controlled, meaning that an attacker could spoof it, and if the spoofed IP matches a whitelisted range, unauthorized access could be granted. Therefore, despite IP restrictions, the system becomes vulnerable to potential unauthorized access.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /restricted/resource HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-server.com
X-Forwarded-For: <spoofed IP>
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)
Authorization: Bearer <valid user token>

In this example, the attacker is using a spoofed IP address in the X-Forwarded-For header to trick the server into thinking the request is coming from a trusted network. The presence of a valid user token (which could have been obtained through other means) makes this attack more likely to succeed.

Recommended Mitigation

As a solution, users of HDP Server versions below 4.6.2.2978 should apply the vendor patch immediately. If immediate patching is not feasible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These tools can help detect and prevent unauthorized access attempts. Long term, however, patching the system should be considered the definitive solution.

Overview

Cybersecurity is a field that is constantly evolving with new vulnerabilities being discovered on a daily basis. One such vulnerability is the CVE-2025-44136, a high-risk Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability found in MapTiler Tileserver-php v2.0. This vulnerability can have severe implications including potential system compromise and data leakage. Considering the critical role that MapTiler Tileserver plays in various applications, it is important to understand the nature of this vulnerability and the steps that can be taken to mitigate it.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44136
Severity: Critical with a CVSS score of 9.8
Attack Vector: Cross Site Scripting (XSS) via GET parameter
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MapTiler Tileserver-php | v2.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the GET parameter “layer” of MapTiler Tileserver-php v2.0. This parameter is reflected in an error message without HTML encoding, making it vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS) attacks. Essentially, an unauthenticated attacker can manipulate the “layer” GET parameter to inject malicious JavaScript or HTML code. When a victim views the error message, the malicious code executes, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP GET request:

GET /tileserver.php?layer=<img src=x onerror=alert('XSS')> HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com

In this example, the malicious payload is an HTML image tag with a JavaScript ‘onerror’ event handler. When the image fails to load, which it does because ‘x’ is not a valid source, the JavaScript code within the ‘onerror’ event handler (alert(‘XSS’)) is executed.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of MapTiler Tileserver-php v2.0 are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, use of Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability by looking for known malicious patterns in HTTP requests.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, and new threats are emerging every day. One such threat that has come to the limelight recently is CVE-2025-50738. This critical vulnerability lies within the Memos application, specifically affecting versions up to v0.24.3. This vulnerability is particularly concerning because it allows an attacker to exploit markdown images with arbitrary URLs to disclose sensitive user information. As a result, the attacker can gain unauthorized access to a user’s IP address, browser User-Agent string, and potentially other request-specific information. Such data leakage could have serious consequences, including system compromise and stealthy user tracking.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-50738
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Information disclosure, potential system compromise, and user tracking

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Memos Application | Up to v0.24.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the Memos application’s ability to embed markdown images with arbitrary URLs. When a memo containing such an image is viewed by a user, the app would automatically fetch the image URL without the explicit consent or interaction of the user. An attacker could exploit this automatic fetch mechanism by embedding an image URL that points to a server under their control. As the user’s browser sends a request to fetch the image, it divulges sensitive information such as the user’s IP address and the browser User-Agent string, which the attacker can log for malicious purposes.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a hypothetical malicious markdown input an attacker could use, where `http://attacker-server/` is an attacker-controlled server:

![malicious_image](http://attacker-server/image.png)

When a user views this memo, the Memos application would automatically send a GET request to fetch the image:

GET /image.png HTTP/1.1
Host: attacker-server
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36

This request discloses the user’s IP address, User-Agent string, and potentially other sensitive information to the attacker-controlled server.