Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-3091 is a serious flaw which could allow a low privileged remote attacker to bypass two-factor authentication. This vulnerability affects any users who rely on this method for security, potentially leading to unauthorized access, system compromise, or data leakage. It’s a significant concern because it undermines the primary function of two-factor authentication, which is to provide an extra layer of security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3091
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Product A] | [Version 1.0-2.0]
[Product B] | [Version 3.0-4.0]
(Note: These are hypothetical products and versions, actual product and version details will depend on the vendor’s disclosure.)

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker obtaining the second factor for another user’s two-factor authentication, such as a temporary code or a physical token. The vulnerability lies in that the system does not adequately validate the first factor, which is usually the user’s password. As a result, an attacker can impersonate a legitimate user without knowing their password, simply by using the second factor.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a simplified example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this HTTP request, the attacker uses the “secondFactor” parameter without needing to provide a valid “password” parameter.

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"username": "victim",
"password": "",
"secondFactor": "stolen_token_or_code"
}

Recommended Mitigation

Affected users should apply patches from the vendor as soon as they are made available. In the absence of a patch, a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) could be used to mitigate the vulnerability temporarily. These systems should be configured to detect and block suspicious login attempts.