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CVE-2025-1948: Eclipse Jetty HTTP/2 Server Memory Overload Vulnerability

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Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-1948 is a severe flaw in the Eclipse Jetty HTTP/2 server, affecting versions 12.0.0 to 12.0.16. This vulnerability allows an HTTP/2 client to commandeer the server’s resources by specifying a large value for a specific HTTP/2 settings parameter, potentially leading to OutOfMemoryErrors and even causing the JVM process to exit.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-1948
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

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Product | Affected Versions

Eclipse Jetty | 12.0.0 to 12.0.16

How the Exploit Works

An attacker, using an HTTP/2 client, can exploit this vulnerability by setting a very large value for the SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE parameter. Since the Jetty server does not validate this setting, it attempts to allocate a ByteBuffer of the specified capacity to encode HTTP responses. This can lead to the server running out of memory and throwing an OutOfMemoryError, or even causing the JVM process to exit, resulting in potential system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST / HTTP/2.0
Host: vulnerable-server.com
Content-Type: application/json
:authority: vulnerable-server.com
:path: /
:scheme: https
:method: POST
settings-max-header-list-size: 9999999999
{ "request_payload": "..." }

In the above example, the malicious client has specified an extremely large value for the SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE parameter, which could lead to a successful exploit of the vulnerability.

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Disclaimer:

The information and code presented in this article are provided for educational and defensive cybersecurity purposes only. Any conceptual or pseudocode examples are simplified representations intended to raise awareness and promote secure development and system configuration practices.

Do not use this information to attempt unauthorized access or exploit vulnerabilities on systems that you do not own or have explicit permission to test.

Ameeba and its authors do not endorse or condone malicious behavior and are not responsible for misuse of the content. Always follow ethical hacking guidelines, responsible disclosure practices, and local laws.

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