Overview
This blog post delves into the intricacies of the critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-3991, identified in TOTOLINK N150RT 3.4.0-B20190525. This vulnerability, which affects an unspecified component of the file /boafrm/formWdsEncrypt, has been classified as critical, with a high CVSS severity score of 8.8. The vulnerability can be exploited remotely, leading to a buffer overflow caused by improper handling of the ‘submit-url’ argument. This poses a significant risk to users as it opens up a potential gateway to system compromise or data leakage.
Given the severity of this vulnerability and the number of systems potentially at risk, understanding the underlying mechanisms of this exploit, and the necessary mitigation techniques is of paramount importance.
Vulnerability Summary
CVE ID: CVE-2025-3991
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and possibility of data leakage
Affected Products
No phone number, email, or personal info required.
Product | Affected Versions
TOTOLINK N150RT | 3.4.0-B20190525
How the Exploit Works
The exploit takes advantage of a vulnerability in the file /boafrm/formWdsEncrypt of TOTOLINK N150RT 3.4.0-B20190525. It manipulates the ‘submit-url’ argument, causing buffer overflow. The buffer overflow can lead to execution of arbitrary code or denial of service. Furthermore, the fact that the vulnerability can be exploited remotely without any user interaction or privileges adds to its severity.
Conceptual Example Code
To provide a conceptual illustration, the following HTTP request may be used by an attacker to exploit the vulnerability. This example only demonstrates the type of request that could lead to an exploit and does not represent an actual exploit code.
POST /boafrm/formWdsEncrypt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...In this example, the ‘submit-url’ argument is filled with a long string of ‘A’s that could overflow the buffer and potentially lead to execution of arbitrary code or denial of service.
Please note that this is a conceptual example and actual exploitation would likely involve more complex manipulations. It’s also important to remember that unauthorized exploitation of vulnerabilities is illegal and unethical.
Impact
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability can lead to a total system compromise and potential data leakage. The attacker could potentially execute arbitrary code or cause denial of service.
Mitigation Guidance
Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may serve as a temporary mitigation measure. Regular monitoring of systems for any unusual activity can also help in early detection and prevention of potential exploits.