Author: Ameeba

Overview

CVE-2025-28170 is a significant cybersecurity vulnerability that affects Grandstream Networks GXP1628 devices with versions equal to or less than 1.0.4.130. This flaw exists due to the device’s configuration that enables directory listing, leading to unauthorized access to sensitive directories and files. This situation poses a severe threat as it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leaks, impacting organizations depending on these devices for their operations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28170
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Grandstream Networks GXP1628 | <=1.0.4.130 How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises from the device being configured with directory listing enabled. This configuration allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive directories and files. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to the device, leading to the exposure of sensitive information, potential system compromise, or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

GET /sensitive/directory HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This request could potentially expose sensitive files and directories, leading to a breach of the system’s security. An attacker could then manipulate or steal this information, leveraging it for further malicious activities.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest updates and patches provided by the vendor. If a patch is not available, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by blocking or alerting on attempts to access these sensitive directories and files.

Overview

The CVE-2025-31955 vulnerability is a critical issue found in HCL iAutomate software. The vulnerability allows unauthorized users to gain access to sensitive information within the system, potentially leading to a system compromise or data leakage. The vulnerability poses a significant risk to all the organizations using the affected versions of this software and immediate attention is required to mitigate the risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31955
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive information, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

HCL iAutomate | All versions prior to the latest security patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the improper handling of sensitive data by the HCL iAutomate software. An attacker can send specially crafted network requests to the targeted system to trigger this vulnerability. Upon successful exploitation, an attacker can gain unauthorized access to sensitive information within the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a HTTP request:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "extract sensitive data" }

In the above example, the “malicious_payload” is a placeholder for the actual malicious code that an attacker would use. This code would be designed to exploit the sensitive data exposure vulnerability in the HCL iAutomate software.

Mitigation Guidance

Until a vendor patch is available, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation. These systems can help to detect and block the malicious network requests that could exploit this vulnerability. Once the vendor patch is available, it should be applied immediately to fully address this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-53528, affects Cadwyn, a community-driven modern Stripe-like API versioning system created in FastAPI. This vulnerability is particularly concerning as it could lead to a system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant risk to any organization that utilizes Cadwyn in their applications.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53528
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Cadwyn | Versions before 5.4.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the “/docs” endpoint of the Cadwyn application. The version parameter of this endpoint is not correctly sanitized, leading to a Reflected XSS attack vulnerability. This flaw allows an attacker to inject malicious JavaScript code. When a user clicks a manipulated link (a one-click attack), the code is executed within the user’s session. This could allow an attacker to hijack the user’s session, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted HTTP request, such as:

GET /docs?version=<script>malicious_script_here</script> HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-host.example.com

In this example, “malicious_script_here” would be replaced with the actual malicious JavaScript code.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch by updating Cadwyn to version 5.4.3 or later. As a temporary mitigation, users can implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block suspicious activities.

Overview

The CVE-2025-6023 vulnerability involves an open redirect vulnerability in Grafana OSS, a popular open-source platform for monitoring and observability. The vulnerability, which was first introduced in Grafana v11.5.0, has the potential to be exploited for cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. It poses a significant risk to system security and data integrity, emphasizing the need for immediate mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6023
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Grafana OSS | 11.5.0 to 11.6.2, 11.5.0 to 11.5.5, 11.5.0 to 11.4.5, 11.5.0 to 11.3.7

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an open redirect vulnerability in Grafana OSS, using it as a springboard to launch XSS attacks. By manipulating URLs, an attacker can redirect victims to malicious websites where XSS payloads can be delivered. Furthermore, the vulnerability can be chained with path traversal vulnerabilities, enhancing the potential impact of the XSS attack.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of an HTTP request that exploits the vulnerability:

GET /redirect?url=http://malicious-site.com/xss_payload HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-grafana.example.com

In this example, the GET request asks the Grafana server to redirect to a malicious URL containing the XSS payload.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected users are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately. The vulnerability has been fixed in Grafana versions 12.0.2+security-01, 11.6.3+security-01, 11.5.6+security-01, 11.4.6+security-01 and 11.3.8+security-01. As a temporary mitigation, users may also implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS).

Overview

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-23263, is a significant security flaw identified within NVIDIA DOCA-Host and Mellanox OFED. It arises from the VGT+ feature, which is susceptible to malicious exploitation that might lead to privilege escalation and denial of service on the VLAN. This vulnerability holds grave importance due to its potential to compromise systems and leak data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-23263
Severity: High (CVSS Score 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NVIDIA DOCA-Host | All versions prior to patch
Mellanox OFED | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would target the VGT+ feature in NVIDIA DOCA-Host and Mellanox OFED. They would need to have access to a VM on the network and then send carefully crafted packets to trigger the vulnerability. This could potentially result in an escalation of privileges, allowing the attacker greater control over the system, or a denial of service, disrupting the functionality of the VLAN.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of the vulnerability, a conceptual exploitation might involve sending a malicious payload to the VGT+ feature. It could look something like this:

import socket
def exploit(target_ip):
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.connect((target_ip, 12345))  # Assuming VGT+ listens on port 12345
payload = "malicious_payload_that_triggers_vulnerability"
sock.send(payload)
sock.close()
# Replace 'target_ip' with the IP of the target system
exploit('target_ip')

This is a simplified example and actual exploitation would depend on the specifics of the vulnerability and the target system.

Mitigation Guidance

It is strongly recommended that system administrators apply the vendor-supplied patch to resolve this vulnerability. In the absence of an immediate patch application, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary measure to mitigate the risk. These can help by monitoring the network for suspicious activities and blocking potential attacks. However, these are short-term solutions and the vendor patch should be applied as soon as possible.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape has been hit by a new vulnerability, CVE-2025-49034, a significant SQL Injection issue in the FunnelKit Funnel Builder. This vulnerability, if exploited, can lead to system compromise and potential data leakage. It affects the Funnel Builder product by FunnelKit, and any organization or individual using versions up to 3.10.2. The severity of this vulnerability underscores the need for immediate remedial action.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49034
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential System Compromise and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FunnelKit Funnel Builder | Up to 3.10.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL queries into the FunnelKit Funnel Builder. The application fails to properly sanitize user-supplied inputs, allowing for the execution of arbitrary SQL commands. An attacker can leverage this to manipulate the application’s database, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data modification, or even system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example demonstrating how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability. The attacker injects malicious SQL code through the vulnerable application:

POST /funnelkit/updateProfile HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "username": "admin'; DROP TABLE users;--" }

In this example, the attacker attempts to delete the “users” table from the database. If successful, this could lead to significant data loss and disruption of the application’s functionality.
For mitigation, users are advised to apply the latest vendor patches immediately. If this is not possible, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

This report discusses the vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-54043, which relates to an improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command, commonly known as SQL Injection. This vulnerability affects users of YayCommerce SMTP for Amazon SES, and carries significant implications due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54043
Severity: High – CVSS 7.6
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

YayCommerce SMTP for Amazon SES | n/a through 1.9

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the application’s failure to properly sanitize user-supplied inputs before using them in SQL queries. An attacker can exploit this by injecting malicious SQL code into the application, manipulating the SQL query to execute unintended commands. This can lead to unauthorized access, data manipulation, or even data loss.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider this
conceptual
example demonstrating how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this case, an attacker may craft a malicious SQL statement and embed it within a seemingly harmless user input:

POST /smtp/settings HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "smtp_server": "smtp.amazon.com", "smtp_port": "587", "smtp_username": "admin'; DROP TABLE users; --" }

In the example above, the attacker has injected a malicious SQL command (`DROP TABLE users;`) into the `smtp_username` parameter. If the application fails to sanitize this input before using it in an SQL query, the command could be executed, leading to the deletion of the ‘users’ table from the system’s database.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is advised to promptly apply the vendor-supplied patch. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to detect and prevent SQL Injection attacks. Additionally, it is recommended to always sanitize user inputs and use parameterized queries or prepared statements to reduce the risk of SQL Injection.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-48301 has been discovered in the YayCommerce SMTP for SendGrid – YaySMTP software. This vulnerability allows for the exploitation of SQL Injection, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. This issue is of significant concern for all users of SMTP for SendGrid – YaySMTP: from n/a through version 1.5.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48301
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SMTP for SendGrid – YaySMTP | n/a through 1.5

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted SQL commands to the affected application. Due to the improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command by the software, an attacker can manipulate SQL queries, leading to unauthorized access, data manipulation, or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses an HTTP request with a malicious SQL command in a data field:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=admin' OR '1'='1'; --&password=pass

In the above example, the attacker is injecting a SQL command (‘OR ‘1’=’1′; –) into the “username” field in an attempt to bypass authentication.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest patches provided by the vendor. If a patch is not yet available or cannot be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method, potentially preventing the exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-48299 pertains to the YayCommerce YayExtra platform, which suffers from Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command (‘SQL Injection’). This issue may lead to unauthorized system access or potential data leakage, affecting all versions up to and including 1.5.5. Given the widespread use of YayCommerce YayExtra, addressing this vulnerability is of utmost importance to maintain system integrity and data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48299
Severity: High, CVSS score 7.6
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized system access, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

YayCommerce YayExtra | up to and including 1.5.5

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises from the application’s failure to properly neutralize special elements used in an SQL command. An attacker can exploit this by injecting malicious SQL code into the application, which the application then executes unknowingly. This exploit can lead to unauthorized access to the system or potential data leakage, as the malicious actor can manipulate the database to their advantage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /yayExtra/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
userid=1; DROP TABLE users;

In this example, the attacker injects the SQL command `DROP TABLE users;` which can potentially delete the users’ table from the database if executed. The actual malicious payload would depend on the attacker’s intent and the specific database structure.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the patch provided by the vendor. As a temporary measure, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and prevent SQL injection attempts. Furthermore, it is crucial to sanitize user inputs within the application to neutralize any potentially harmful elements.

Overview

This report details the technical aspects of an SQL Injection vulnerability found in YayCommerce’s YaySMTP software. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-48161, could potentially give malicious actors access to sensitive system data or even compromise the system entirely. It is of utmost importance for those utilizing YaySMTP, particularly versions up to and including 1.3, to understand and address this vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48161
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

YaySMTP | up to and including 1.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the application’s improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command. This lack of neutralization allows an attacker to manipulate SQL queries by injecting malicious SQL code. This could potentially lead to unauthorized viewing, modification, or deletion of data in the backend database.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of the exploit might look like the following HTTP request, where the “malicious_payload” is an SQL command that the vulnerable system executes:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "user_input": "'; DROP TABLE users; --" }

In this example, the malicious SQL command `’; DROP TABLE users; –` is injected into the “user_input” field. The SQL command terminates the current SQL statement (with `’;`), then issues a new command to drop the “users” table (with `DROP TABLE users;`), and finally comments out the rest of the original SQL statement (with `–`).

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible. In the meantime, or if the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help mitigate the vulnerability.