Author: Ameeba

  • CVE-2025-5866: Critical Vulnerability in RT-Thread 5.1.0 Potentially Leading to System Compromise or Data Leakage

    Overview

    A critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-5866, has been discovered in RT-Thread 5.1.0 that poses a significant risk to system integrity and data privacy. This vulnerability specifically affects the sys_sigprocmask function within the file rt-thread/components/lwp/lwp_syscall.c. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker could manipulate the ‘how’ argument, leading to an improper validation of array index. This vulnerability is of particular concern due to the potential for system compromise and data leakage.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-5866
    Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.0)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    RT-Thread | 5.1.0

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit takes advantage of the sys_sigprocmask function of the RT-Thread 5.1.0. By manipulating the ‘how’ argument, an attacker can cause an improper validation of the array index. This can lead to unexpected behavior, potentially allowing a malicious user to execute arbitrary code, compromise the system, or leak sensitive data.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While no specific exploit code has been made public, a conceptual example might involve passing an unexpected value to the ‘how’ argument in the sys_sigprocmask function. This could potentially be done via a crafted system call or manipulated user input. The following pseudocode might represent an example of how this could occur:

    #include "rtthread.h"
    void exploit() {
    // Obtain a handle to the vulnerable function
    void (*vulnerable_function)(int, const rt_sigset_t *, rt_sigset_t *) = &rt_sys_sigprocmask;
    // Create a signal set
    rt_sigset_t sigset;
    // Set all bits in the signal set
    sigset = -1;
    // Call the vulnerable function with an unexpected 'how' argument
    vulnerable_function(9999, &sigset, NULL);
    }

    This is a simplified example and actual exploitation may involve more complex steps and knowledge of the internals of RT-Thread.

    Mitigation

    Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, the use of a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) may provide temporary mitigation. However, these should not be considered long-term solutions, as they may not completely prevent exploitation of this vulnerability.

  • CVE-2025-52560: Critical Password Reset Vulnerability in Kanboard Prior to 1.2.46

    Overview

    In the vast realm of project management software, Kanboard has carved a niche for itself with its focus on the Kanban methodology. However, a critical vulnerability was discovered in versions prior to 1.2.46, which exposes users to potential system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-52560, allows attackers to craft malicious password reset links that can leak the reset token to an attacker-controlled domain. This post is aimed at cybersecurity professionals who need to understand this vulnerability, its potential impact, and the mitigation measures that can be taken against it.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-52560
    Severity: Critical (8.1 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: System compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Kanboard | Prior to 1.2.46

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability lies within the password reset functionality of Kanboard. When the `application_url` configuration is unset (which is the default behavior), Kanboard allows password reset emails to be sent with URLs derived from the unvalidated Host header. This loophole allows an attacker to craft a malicious password reset link that leaks the token to an attacker-controlled domain. If a victim, possibly an administrator, clicks the poisoned link, their account can be hijacked.

    Conceptual Example Code

    A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited is as follows:

    GET /password_reset?token=[token]&email=[victim's email] HTTP/1.1
    Host: attacker-controlled-domain.com

    In this request, the attacker substitutes the `[token]` and `[victim’s email]` with the actual token and victim’s email. This request would be contained within the malicious password reset link, and when a victim clicks it, the token would be sent to the attacker-controlled domain, allowing the attacker to reset the victim’s password.

    Mitigation

    The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch by upgrading Kanboard to version 1.2.46 or later, where this issue has been patched. In the absence of an upgrade, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may serve as temporary mitigation. It is also recommended to set the `application_url` configuration to prevent the usage of the Host header in password reset URLs.

  • CVE-2025-5865: Critical Memory Corruption Vulnerability in RT-Thread 5.1.0

    Overview

    A critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-5865, has been discovered in the RT-Thread 5.1.0, a widely-used open-source real-time operating system. The vulnerability resides in the sys_select function of the file rt-thread/components/lwp/lwp_syscall.c, specifically within the component Parameter Handler. The incorrect handling of the timeout argument leads to a memory corruption issue, which, if exploited, could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage. Due to the severity of the vulnerability, it is crucial for users and administrators to understand the risk and take immediate action to mitigate the threat.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-5865
    Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 8.0)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    RT-Thread | 5.1.0

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability originates from the mishandling of the timeout argument in the sys_select function. An attacker can manipulate this argument leading to a memory corruption issue. The vendor explained that the timeout parameter should be checked for access rights in kernel mode and should only be temporarily used in kernel memory. If not done correctly, the corrupted memory could be manipulated to execute arbitrary code or expose sensitive data, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a pseudocode representation and not an actual code:

    #include "rt-thread/components/lwp/lwp_syscall.h"
    void exploit() {
    int timeout = INT_MAX; // Manipulate the timeout value
    // Call the vulnerable function with manipulated timeout value
    int result = sys_select(..., timeout);
    if (result != 0) {
    // The memory is now corrupted, carry out the exploit
    execute_arbitrary_code();
    }
    }

    In the above pseudocode, the timeout variable is manipulated to a value that could lead to memory corruption when passed to the sys_select function. If the function call is successful (i.e., returns non-zero), the attacker can then proceed to exploit the corrupted memory.

    Mitigation

    The vendor has provided a patch to correct this vulnerability. All users and administrators are urged to apply this patch as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation, users can also use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent potential exploitation attempts.

  • CVE-2025-48469: Critical Unauthenticated Firmware Upload Vulnerability

    Overview

    The cybersecurity world is yet again faced with a critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-48469, which has the potential to compromise system security on a massive scale. This vulnerability allows an unauthenticated attacker to upload firmware through a public update page, which could lead to backdoor installation or privilege escalation. Its implications are severe, especially for organizations that rely on the affected products, as it could lead to system compromise and data leakage. This vulnerability underscores the need for robust cybersecurity measures and timely security updates.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-48469
    Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.6)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Product A | Version 1.0 to 1.5
    Product B | Version 2.0 to 2.3

    How the Exploit Works

    An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would target the public update page of the affected products. The vulnerability lies in the lack of proper authentication checks before accepting firmware updates. This allows a threat actor to upload malicious firmware, which could contain backdoors or codes that escalate the attacker’s privileges in the system. Continuous exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to a complete system takeover, allowing the attacker to access and potentially exfiltrate sensitive data.

    Conceptual Example Code

    A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be an HTTP POST request to the firmware update endpoint with a malicious payload. Here’s a skeleton example:

    POST /firmware/update HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/octet-stream
    { "malicious_firmware": "..." }

    In the above example, the attacker sends a POST request to the firmware update endpoint with a malicious firmware file. The server, due to the existing vulnerability, does not perform proper authentication checks and proceeds to apply the firmware update, leading to the successful exploitation of the system.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The primary mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor-supplied patch for this vulnerability. Organizations are urged to prioritize this update due to the severity of the vulnerability. As a temporary mitigation, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to monitor and block malicious firmware update attempts. However, this should not replace the need for the application of the vendor patch.

  • CVE-2025-5806: Jenkins Gatling Plugin XSS Vulnerability

    Overview

    The CVE-2025-5806 is a major security vulnerability found in the Jenkins Gatling Plugin 136.vb_9009b_3d33a_e, which affects its ability to serve Gatling reports. This vulnerability allows for a significant bypass of the Content-Security-Policy protection implemented in Jenkins versions 1.641 and 1.625. As a result, an attacker can exploit a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability, potentially leading to a system compromise or data leakage. The severity of this issue is heightened due to the widespread use of Jenkins as an open-source automation server, used by developers for building, testing, and deploying software.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-5806
    Severity: High (8.0 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Jenkins Gatling Plugin | 136.vb_9009b_3d33a_e

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from the Jenkins Gatling Plugin’s method of serving Gatling reports. This process bypasses the Content-Security-Policy protection implemented in Jenkins versions 1.641 and 1.625, thereby exposing a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability. An attacker, who can change the report content, can then inject malicious scripts that are executed in the user’s browser. This could allow the attacker to steal sensitive information or to perform actions on behalf of the victim user.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This represents a malicious payload being inserted into a Gatling report:

    POST /jenkins/gatling-plugin/report HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    { "report_content": "<script>malicious_code_here</script>" }

    In this conceptual example, the “malicious_code_here” would be replaced with the actual malicious JavaScript that the attacker wishes to execute in the user’s browser. Please note, this is a simplified representation of the exploit and actual attacks may involve more complex techniques.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The primary mitigation for CVE-2025-5806 is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. If for some reason, patching is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to block or flag malicious traffic can serve as a temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability, providing a layer of defense while a more permanent solution is implemented.

  • CVE-2025-48466: Remote Manipulation of Digital Outputs via Modbus TCP Packets

    Overview

    CVE-2025-48466 is a severe cybersecurity vulnerability that, if exploited, could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to manipulate Digital Outputs within systems. This is achieved through the sending of Modbus TCP packets which, in turn, permits the remote control of relay channels. This vulnerability presents an alarming risk to operational and safety protocols, as it potentially opens the door to system compromise or data leakage. It is essential for organizations that utilize systems susceptible to this vulnerability to understand the nature of the potential attack and to apply the correct mitigation measures.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-48466
    Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    [Product A] | [Version 1.0, 1.1, 1.2]
    [Product B] | [Version 2.0, 2.1, 2.2]

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit works by an attacker sending Modbus TCP packets to manipulate Digital Outputs in the targeted system. These packets can alter the state of the Digital Outputs, which in turn can control relay channels. An attacker could potentially control these channels to a degree that may lead to operational or safety risks. Given that this attack does not require authentication or any user interaction, it is particularly dangerous and can be executed remotely over a network.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example is a pseudocode representation of sending a malicious Modbus TCP packet:

    import modbus_tcp
    # Create a new Modbus TCP packet
    packet = modbus_tcp.ModbusPacket()
    # Set the Modbus function code to write to a single coil
    packet.function_code = modbus_tcp.FunctionCode.WRITE_SINGLE_COIL
    # Set the coil address and value to manipulate the Digital Output
    packet.coil_address = 0x0001
    packet.coil_value = 0xFF00
    # Send the packet to the target system
    modbus_tcp.send_packet("target.example.com", packet)

    Please note, the above example is purely conceptual and does not represent a real-world exploit. It’s purpose is to demonstrate the nature of the vulnerability.

  • CVE-2023-47294: Critical Vulnerability in NCR Terminal Handler v1.5.1 Allows User Account Manipulation

    Overview

    A new and critical vulnerability, CVE-2023-47294, has been recently discovered in NCR Terminal Handler v1.5.1. This vulnerability could allow low-level privileged, authenticated attackers to manipulate user accounts, including deactivation, locking, and deletion. The attack is carried out through a uniquely crafted session cookie. The implications of this vulnerability are far-reaching, affecting a variety of organizations utilizing NCR Terminal Handler for their operations. The severity of this vulnerability underscores the importance of taking immediate action to mitigate potential system compromise or data leakage.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2023-47294
    Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 8.1)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: User account manipulation leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    NCR Terminal Handler | v1.5.1

    How the Exploit Works

    This exploit works by an attacker crafting a malicious session cookie that is then sent to the NCR Terminal Handler. Because of the flaw in the software’s security, it fails to properly validate the authenticity and integrity of the session cookie. As such, an attacker can manipulate the session cookie to impersonate a legitimate user. This results in unauthorized access to the system, with the ability to perform actions based on the privileges of the compromised user account, including deactivation, locking, and deletion of user accounts.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode represents the crafting of a malicious session cookie:

    POST /ncr/terminal/handler/endpoint HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    Cookie: session_id=<crafted_session_id>
    {
    "action": "delete_user",
    "user_id": "<targeted_user_id>"
    }

    In this example, `` represents a session cookie that has been manipulated by an attacker, and `` represents the ID of the user account an attacker aims to manipulate.
    Remember, this is just a conceptual example and the actual exploit may require more complex steps and understanding of the system.

    Mitigation Guidance

    It is highly recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help provide temporary mitigation against this vulnerability. These systems can be configured to detect and block requests containing suspicious or known malicious session cookies.
    Regularly updating and patching your systems, employing robust security measures, and using intrusion detection systems are critical steps in protecting your systems from such vulnerabilities.

  • CVE-2024-4994: Critical CSRF Vulnerability in GitLab’s GraphQL API Leading to Arbitrary GraphQL Mutations

    Overview

    GitLab CE/EE, the open-source web-based DevOps lifecycle tool, has been hit by a critical vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2024-4994. This vulnerability affects all versions from 16.1.0 before 16.11.5, all versions starting from 17.0 before 17.0.3, and all versions starting from 17.1.0 before 17.1.1. The vulnerability allows for a Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attack on GitLab’s GraphQL API, leading to the execution of arbitrary GraphQL mutations. This could potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage, affecting companies and developers using the affected versions of GitLab CE/EE. It is a critical concern due to its high CVSS Severity Score of 8.1.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2024-4994
    Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.1)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GitLab CE/EE | 16.1.0 before 16.11.5
    GitLab CE/EE | 17.0.0 before 17.0.3
    GitLab CE/EE | 17.1.0 before 17.1.1

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit works by taking advantage of GitLab’s inadequate anti-CSRF controls in its GraphQL API. An attacker can trick a victim into visiting a malicious web page or clicking a link, which then sends a forged request to the vulnerable GitLab instance. The server, failing to identify this request as coming from an untrusted source, processes the request as though it originated from the victim, leading to the execution of arbitrary GraphQL mutations. This could result in unauthorized changes to data, potential system compromise, or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Conceptually, the exploit can be performed using a malicious HTTP request, which might look something like this:

    POST /api/graphql HTTP/1.1
    Host: victim-gitlab-instance.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    Cookie: [Victim's GitLab session cookie]
    {
    "query": "mutation { someArbitraryMutation(...) { ... } }"
    }

    In the above example, “someArbitraryMutation” would be replaced with an actual GraphQL mutation intended to perform unauthorized actions on the victim’s GitLab instance.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor patch. GitLab has released updates to fix this vulnerability in the affected versions. Users are advised to upgrade to the latest version available immediately. If upgrading is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by blocking or alerting on suspicious requests. However, this is a temporary solution and does not address the underlying vulnerability. Therefore, it is strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible.

  • CVE-2025-3319: An Authentication Bypass Vulnerability in IBM Spectrum Protect Server

    Overview

    In the world of cybersecurity, the ability to bypass authentication is a high-security risk. The CVE-2025-3319 vulnerability, discovered in IBM’s Spectrum Protect Server versions 8.1 through 8.1.26, offers a potential attacker just that opportunity. This vulnerability, if exploited, could result in unauthorized access to system resources, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.
    The IBM Spectrum Protect Server is widely used for data protection and recovery, making this vulnerability a significant threat to businesses and organizations relying on it. This blog post aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of CVE-2025-3319, its potential impact, and the necessary mitigation steps.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-3319
    Severity: High (CVSS score 8.1)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Unauthorized access to system resources, potential system compromise, and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    IBM Spectrum Protect Server | 8.1 through 8.1.26

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability lies in the session authentication mechanism of IBM Spectrum Protect Server. An attacker can exploit this flaw by manipulating the session handling process, thereby bypassing the authentication mechanism. This would allow the attacker to gain unauthorized access to system resources.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While the specific exploit code is not disclosed for security reasons, the following conceptual HTTP request illustrates how an attacker might exploit a session handling vulnerability:

    GET /resource HTTP/1.1
    Host: vulnerable-ibm-server.com
    Cookie: SESSIONID=123456; OTHERCOOKIE=abc
    {
    "malicious_payload": "Manipulated session data"
    }

    In this example, the attacker attempts to manipulate the session handling by injecting malicious payload into the session data, thereby bypassing the authentication process.

    Recommendations for Mitigation

    IBM has released a patch to address this vulnerability, and it’s recommended to apply this patch immediately. For organizations not able to apply the patch immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can identify and block attempts to exploit the vulnerability.
    Remember, the key to maintaining a secure system is regular updates and patches, combined with robust, layered security measures.

  • CVE-2025-45786: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability in Real Estate Management 1.0

    Overview

    The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently identified a new security vulnerability within the Real Estate Management 1.0 software. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-45786, is an example of a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) exploit, specifically impacting the /store/index.php function of the software. As this software is widely used in the real estate industry, it presents a significant cybersecurity risk that could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage if not addressed promptly.
    Cross-Site Scripting vulnerabilities are especially precarious as they allow an attacker to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data theft, and other forms of security breaches. Given the severity of this issue, it is crucial to understand and mitigate the vulnerability effectively.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-45786
    Severity: High (CVSS Severity Score: 8.1)
    Attack Vector: Remote
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Real Estate Management | 1.0

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit works by exploiting insecure handling of input in the /store/index.php endpoint of the Real Estate Management software. An attacker can inject malicious scripts into the vulnerable fields. When other users visit these manipulated pages, their browsers execute the malicious script, potentially leading to unauthorized access, session hijacking, or data theft.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

    GET /store/index.php?search=<script>malicious_script_here</script> HTTP/1.1
    Host: vulnerable-website.com

    In this example, the attacker includes a ` Ameeba Chat