Author: Ameeba

Overview

In this blog post, we will delve into the intricacies of an identified security vulnerability, CVE-2025-49557, that affects several versions of Adobe Commerce. This vulnerability is a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) issue, which can be exploited by a low-privileged attacker to inject malicious scripts into susceptible form fields. With a CVSS Severity Score of 8.7, it poses a significant threat to Adobe Commerce users as it can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage. Understanding this vulnerability, its potential impacts, and mitigation strategies is crucial for all stakeholders involved in maintaining and securing Adobe Commerce environments.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49557
Severity: High (8.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Adobe Commerce | 2.4.9-alpha1, 2.4.8-p1, 2.4.7-p6, 2.4.6-p11, 2.4.5-p13, 2.4.4-p14 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the form fields of several versions of Adobe Commerce. An attacker with low privileges can exploit this vulnerability by injecting malicious scripts into these form fields. The scripts, once stored, can be executed when a victim browses to the page containing the vulnerable field. These scripts can then escalate privileges within the application or access sensitive user data, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The example below showcases a conceptual HTTP request that could be used to exploit this vulnerability. The request sends a POST to a hypothetical vulnerable endpoint in Adobe Commerce, including a malicious script in the payload.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "form_field": "<script>malicious code here</script>" }

Please note that this is a conceptual example and the actual exploitation of this vulnerability would require a more sophisticated understanding of the Adobe Commerce system and the specific form fields that are vulnerable.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary mitigation strategy for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch. Adobe has released patches for the affected versions of Adobe Commerce, which can be directly applied to secure the system. In situations where the patch cannot be immediately applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These tools can detect and block malicious scripts, thereby preventing exploitation of the vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-31715 is a critical vulnerability in vowifi service that poses a significant risk to individuals and organizations alike. This flaw could potentially grant malicious actors the ability to execute remote privilege escalation, thereby giving them unauthorized access to sensitive data and system resources. Given the severity of this vulnerability, ranked at 9.8 on the CVSS scale, it is imperative for every affected entity to take immediate action to remediate this risk.
The vulnerability is due to an improper input validation in the vowifi service, which opens the door for command injection. This can subsequently lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious threat to the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the affected system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31715
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Remote escalation of privilege, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Vowifi Service | All versions prior to the latest patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a lack of proper input validation in the vowifi service. This oversight allows an attacker to inject malicious commands into the service. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker can remotely escalate privileges without requiring additional execution privileges. As a result, the attacker can gain unauthorized access to the system, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is a hypothetical shell command demonstrating the command injection:

curl -X POST http://target.example.com/vowifi -d '"; malicious_command; #'

In this example, `malicious_command` represents a command that an attacker would want to execute on the target system. The `”;` at the beginning is used to terminate any command that might be currently running, and the `; #` at the end is used to comment out the rest of the original command.

Mitigation

The best way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can help to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are only temporary solutions and may not fully protect the system from other potential attack vectors. Therefore, applying the vendor patch as soon as possible is strongly recommended.

Overview

The CVE-2025-9089 vulnerability was discovered in the Tenda AC20 16.03.08.12 router. It affects the “sub_48E628” function of the file “/goform/SetIpMacBind” and is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability, which can lead to severe implications such as system compromise and data leakage. This vulnerability is of high concern as it allows remote attacks and the exploit has been publicly disclosed. Any organisation or individual using the Tenda AC20 router should take immediate measures to mitigate its impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9089
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC20 | 16.03.08.12

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by manipulating the argument list of the “sub_48E628” function of the “/goform/SetIpMacBind” file. The manipulation results in a stack-based buffer overflow. The overflow occurs when more data is put into a buffer or holding area, than the buffer can handle. This excess data spills over into other buffers, corrupting or overwriting the valid data held in them. This could potentially lead to arbitrary code execution, thereby compromising the system and leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of the vulnerability, an attacker might craft a malicious request to the vulnerable endpoint. This could look something similar to the following:

POST /goform/SetIpMacBind HTTP/1.1
Host: target_router_ip
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
arg1=value1&arg2=value2&arg3=...&argN=overflowing_payload

In this conceptual example, “overflowing_payload” represents a payload that is larger than what the argument buffer in “sub_48E628” can handle, resulting in a stack buffer overflow.
It is important to note that the above is a conceptual representation and the actual exploit may vary based on the specifics of the vulnerability and the target environment. It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of addressing this vulnerability promptly, given its high severity and the potential for significant damage.

Overview

The digital ecosystem is constantly evolving, and with this evolution comes an ever-increasing need for tight security measures. A recent vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-9088, has been found in the Tenda AC20 16.03.08.12. This vulnerability exposes users to a potential system compromise or data leakage. It affects the function save_virtualser_data of the file /goform/formSetVirtualSer, leading to a stack-based buffer overflow. This post seeks to delve into the details of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and ways to mitigate it.
The importance of understanding this vulnerability cannot be overstated. As it affects a common networking device, the Tenda AC20, it has the potential to impact thousands, if not millions, of users worldwide. It poses a significant threat to the integrity and confidentiality of data and systems connected to these devices.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9088
Severity: Critical (8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC20 | 16.03.08.12

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a lack of proper input validation in the function save_virtualser_data of the file /goform/formSetVirtualSer. An attacker can manipulate the argument list, causing a buffer overflow. A buffer overflow is a common coding error that can lead to arbitrary code execution. In this case, the attacker could execute malicious code remotely, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is not actual exploit code, but rather a simplified representation to illustrate the attack.

POST /goform/formSetVirtualSer HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "arguments": "A".repeat(1025) } // Exceeds the buffer size

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request with an overly long argument list, causing a buffer overflow in the save_virtualser_data function.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can help to detect and block exploit attempts, reducing the risk of a successful attack.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is littered with countless vulnerabilities and threats, but every so often, a particularly serious flaw garners increased attention and concern. Such is the case with the recently discovered CVE-2025-9087 vulnerability. This vulnerability exists in Tenda AC20 16.03.08.12, specifically affecting the function set_qosMib_list of the file /goform/SetNetControlList within the SetNetControlList Endpoint component. The exploitation of this vulnerability can lead to a stack-based buffer overflow, a type of security issue that can have severe consequences, including potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9087
Severity: High, CVSS score of 8.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: The successful exploitation of this vulnerability could result in a system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC20 | 16.03.08.12

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises from a lack of proper input validation in the set_qosMib_list function of the file /goform/SetNetControlList. An attacker can exploit the vulnerability by manipulating the argument list of the function, triggering a stack-based buffer overflow. Given that the vulnerability can be exploited remotely and does not require any user interaction, it presents a significant risk. The exploit has been disclosed to the public, making systems running the affected version of Tenda AC20 more vulnerable to potential attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a hypothetical HTTP request that includes a malicious payload designed to trigger the buffer overflow:

POST /goform/SetNetControlList HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "set_qosMib_list": "malicious_payload" }

Please note that this is a conceptual example and should not be tried on a live system.
To mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability, vendors are advised to apply the available patches. In circumstances where patching is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these should not be considered long-term solutions, and patching should be prioritized as soon as feasible.

Overview

The CVE-2025-8142 is a significant security vulnerability impacting all versions up to and including 8.6.7 of the Soledad theme for WordPress. This vulnerability, categorized as a Local File Inclusion (LFI), allows authenticated attackers with Contributor-level access and above to exploit a flaw in the ‘header_layout’ parameter and execute arbitrary .php files on the server. As a result, it poses severe risks to WordPress websites utilizing the Soledad theme, as it can potentially compromise system integrity, leak sensitive data, and even allow unauthorized code execution.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8142
Severity: High (8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Contributor-level access)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Soledad WordPress Theme | all versions up to and including 8.6.7

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by the attacker injecting a malicious file path into the ‘header_layout’ parameter of the Soledad WordPress theme. As the theme does not sufficiently sanitize the input for this parameter, an authenticated attacker can insert a path to an arbitrary .php file that they have uploaded to the server. When the server processes the ‘header_layout’ parameter, it treats the malicious file path as a local one and includes the specified .php file leading to its execution.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode represents a scenario in which the attacker uses an HTTP POST request to inject the path to their malicious .php file into the ‘header_layout’ parameter:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=soledad_ocdi_import_demo HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
header_layout=../../uploads/malicious.php

In this example, `soledad_ocdi_import_demo` is the action that handles theme layout imports, `header_layout` is the vulnerable parameter, and `../../uploads/malicious.php` is the path to the malicious .php file uploaded by the attacker.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These tools can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit the ‘header_layout’ parameter. However, these are only temporary solutions, and the definitive action against this vulnerability is to update the Soledad WordPress theme to a version that has fixed this issue.

Overview

Today, we will be looking at a critical vulnerability with the code ID CVE-2025-6080 that affects the WPGYM – WordPress Gym Management System plugin. This plugin is popular among fitness centers and gyms that use WordPress to manage their business operations. The vulnerability allows unauthorized admin account creation, which poses a serious risk to the security of these business systems. All versions up to and including 67.7.0 are affected. The high severity of this vulnerability, coupled with its broad impact, warrants immediate attention from any organization using the affected versions of this plugin.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6080
Severity: High – 8.8 (CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Subscriber-level access)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WPGYM – WordPress Gym Management System Plugin | Up to and including 67.7.0

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-6080 vulnerability arises from the lack of proper validation of a user’s capabilities prior to adding users in the WPGYM – WordPress Gym Management System plugin. This means that an attacker with subscriber-level access can create new users, including admin users, without authorization. Once an attacker has created an admin account, they can gain full control over the website, potentially leading to unauthorized system changes, data leakage, or a complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this example, an HTTP POST request is made to the user registration endpoint with a malicious payload that creates a new admin user.

POST /wp-admin/user-new.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"user_login": "malicious_admin",
"email": "attacker@example.com",
"role": "administrator",
"password": "insecure_password"
}

Upon successful execution of this request, an attacker would have created a new admin user (`malicious_admin`) with the password `insecure_password`. This new user would have full administrative privileges, allowing the attacker to make any changes they desire to the WordPress site.

Mitigation

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch once it becomes available. In the meantime, as a temporary mitigation, you can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block any suspicious activities. Regularly review user accounts and privileges, and immediately remove any unauthorized or suspicious accounts.

Overview

Cybersecurity threats are a growing concern in the digital realm, and this blog post will delve into one such vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-6079. This particular vulnerability affects the School Management System for WordPress plugin, used widely by educational institutions for administrative and organizational purposes. It is critical because it lacks file type validation in the homework.php file, thereby allowing authenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files. This could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage, resulting in severe consequences for the affected institutions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6079
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Student-level access)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

School Management System for WordPress Plugin | Up to and including 93.2.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the lack of file type validation in the homework.php file of the School Management System for WordPress plugin. This allows an authenticated user with student-level access to upload arbitrary files to the server. The files can contain malicious code, which, when executed, could compromise the entire system. The attacker could potentially gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or exert control over the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP POST request to upload a malicious file:

POST /wp-content/plugins/school-management/homework.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.school.edu
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary
------WebKitFormBoundary
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="fileToUpload"; filename="malicious.php"
Content-Type: application/x-php
<?php
// malicious code here
?>
------WebKitFormBoundary--

In the above example, ‘malicious.php’ is a PHP file containing malicious code. Once uploaded and executed, it could potentially compromise the system.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. Until then, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Regular monitoring and updating of systems is essential in maintaining cybersecurity.

Overview

The WPGYM – WordPress Gym Management System plugin is a widely-used plugin that provides gym management functionalities on WordPress. However, a critical vulnerability has been discovered and assigned identifier CVE-2025-3671. This vulnerability, if exploited, allows an attacker to include and execute arbitrary files on the server. It has serious implications for any WordPress site utilizing this plugin, as it can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage. This blog post will delve into the specifics of this vulnerability, the affected products, how the exploit works, and the recommended mitigation strategies.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3671
Severity: Critical, CVSS score of 8.8
Attack Vector: Local File Inclusion via ‘page’ parameter in WPGYM Plugin
Privileges Required: Subscriber-level Access
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage, privilege escalation

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WPGYM – WordPress Gym Management System Plugin | Up to and including version 67.7.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to the plugin’s mishandling of the ‘page’ parameter. An authenticated attacker, with at least Subscriber-level access, can manipulate this parameter to include and execute arbitrary PHP files on the server. This can bypass access controls, expose sensitive data, or even execute code if “safe” file types like images are uploaded and included. The attacker can chain this exploit to include various dashboard view files in the plugin. Notably, a researcher has reported that one such file can be exploited to change the password of Super Administrator accounts in Multisite environments, enabling privilege escalation.

Conceptual Example Code

This conceptual example demonstrates how the exploit could be performed. Please note that this is for illustrative purposes only and should not be used maliciously.

POST /wp-content/plugins/wpgym/?page=../../../../wp-config.php HTTP/1.1
Host: targetsite.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Cookie: [Insert Authenticated Session Cookie Here]
action=update&new_password=malicious_password

In the example above, the attacker attempts to include the `wp-config.php` file via the ‘page’ parameter. They then try to execute the ‘update’ action to change the password to a value of their choosing.

Mitigation Guidance

Given the severity of this vulnerability, it’s crucial to apply remedial measures promptly. Users should immediately apply the vendor patch once it becomes available. In the meantime, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. Regularly monitoring system logs for any unusual activity can also help detect potential exploits.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continuously evolving, spawning new threats and vulnerabilities daily. Among these threats, one has recently caught the attention of the cybersecurity community due to its critical nature. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-49895, presents a significant risk to websites running the iThemes ServerBuddy plugin by PluginBuddy.Com. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability allows for Object Injection, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. Given the popularity and widespread usage of this plugin, understanding the implications of this vulnerability is of the utmost importance.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49895
Severity: CRITICAL, CVSS score 8.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ServerBuddy by PluginBuddy.Com | Up to 1.0.5

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the improper handling of certain user inputs in the iThemes ServerBuddy plugin. A threat actor can create a specially crafted request, which, when executed by an authenticated user, can trigger the injection of malicious objects into the server. This object injection could allow the attacker to run arbitrary code or commands on the server, potentially leading to complete system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could look something like this:

POST /serverbuddy_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablewebsite.com
Content-Type: application/json
Cookie: auth=<user's authentication cookie>
{
"malicious_object": "serialized_object_here"
}

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint of the ServerBuddy plugin. The “malicious_object” in the request body is a serialized object, which is injected into the server when the request is processed.

Mitigation and Prevention

The best mitigation against this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. Owners of affected systems should update their ServerBuddy plugin to the latest version as soon as possible. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method, potentially preventing the exploitation of this vulnerability. However, these should not be considered long-term solutions, as they may not be able to completely prevent all possible exploit attempts.