Author: Ameeba

Overview

The CVE-2025-53395 vulnerability represents a serious flaw in the Paramount Macrium Reflect software. This vulnerability allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code with administrative privileges, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the severity and potential impact of this vulnerability, it is essential for users of the affected software to apply necessary patches and mitigation methods immediately.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53395
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Administrative
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Paramount Macrium Reflect | Versions up to 2025-06-26

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by having the attacker create a crafted .mrimgx backup file and a malicious VSSSvr.dll located in the same directory. When a user with administrative privileges mounts a backup by opening the .mrimgx file, Reflect loads the attacker’s VSSSvr.dll after the mount completes. This occurs due to untrusted DLL search path behavior in ReflectMonitor.exe, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code with administrative privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

While specific exploit code is not available, a conceptual understanding of the exploit process can be represented as follows:

// Attacker creates a malicious .mrimgx file and a crafted VSSSvr.dll
create_crafted_backup_and_dll(".mrimgx", "VSSSvr.dll")
// User with administrative privileges opens the .mrimgx file
open_backup_file(".mrimgx")
// ReflectMonitor.exe loads the malicious VSSSvr.dll
load_dll("VSSSvr.dll")
// Attacker's code is executed with administrative privileges
execute_code_with_privileges("VSSSvr.dll")

Given the local nature of the attack, it would require some form of interaction or pre-existing access on the part of the attacker. This could be achieved through social engineering, previous compromise, or other attack vectors.

Overview

This report details a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-53394, affecting Paramount Macrium Reflect until 2025-06-26. This software flaw allows attackers to run arbitrary code with administrator privileges, posing a serious threat to the security and integrity of systems running the affected version of this software. Given the severity of this vulnerability, it requires immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53394
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Local File Inclusion
Privileges Required: User
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Paramount Macrium Reflect | Up to 2025-06-26

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by creating a malicious .mrimgx or .mrbax backup file and placing a renamed executable file (e.g., explorer.exe) in the same directory. When a user with administrative privileges opens the crafted backup file and mounts it, Macrium Reflect runs the renamed executable. The software does not adequately validate companion files referenced during backup mounting, allowing the attacker’s code to execute with administrative privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual representation of how the vulnerability might be exploited. It includes creating a crafted backup file and a renamed executable, both placed in the same directory.

# Create a malicious backup file
echo "malicious code" > exploit.mrimgx
# Create a renamed executable (e.g., explorer.exe)
echo "malicious code" > explorer.exe
# Place both files in the same directory
mv exploit.mrimgx /path/to/directory
mv explorer.exe /path/to/directory

Upon mounting the `exploit.mrimgx` file, the `explorer.exe` file would execute, running the malicious code with administrative privileges.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are urged to apply the latest patch provided by the vendor to mitigate this vulnerability effectively. As a temporary measure, users can use Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and prevent potential exploits.

Overview

The cybersecurity community has identified a significant vulnerability in AutoGPT, a popular platform for creating, deploying, and managing continuous AI agents. The vulnerability, marked as CVE-2025-53944, involves an authorization bypass in AutoGPT’s external API. This flaw could potentially allow malicious actors to compromise systems or leak sensitive data, impacting any organization that uses affected versions of this platform.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53944
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AutoGPT | v0.6.15 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in AutoGPT’s external API’s get_graph_execution_results endpoint. While the endpoint correctly validates user access to the graph_id, it does not verify the ownership of the graph_exec_id parameter. This flaw allows authenticated users to access any execution results by providing arbitrary execution IDs.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint, with an arbitrary execution ID:

GET /api/get_graph_execution_results?graph_id=valid_id&graph_exec_id=arbitrary_id HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer valid_token

In this example, the “valid_id” is a legitimate graph ID the attacker has access to, while “arbitrary_id” is the execution ID the attacker wishes to access, potentially belonging to a different user.

Recommendation

Affected users are strongly encouraged to update to AutoGPT v0.6.16 or newer, where this vulnerability has been addressed. If immediate patching is not possible, utilising a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block suspicious activity can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy.

Overview

A critical SQL Injection vulnerability has been identified in the PuneethReddyHC Online Shopping System Advanced 1.0. The vulnerability, indexed as CVE-2025-51970, exists in the action.php endpoint and can be exploited through the improper sanitization of user-supplied input in the keyword POST parameter. This vulnerability presents a significant threat as it could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-51970
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

PuneethReddyHC Online Shopping System Advanced | 1.0

How the Exploit Works

A hacker exploiting this vulnerability would send a specially crafted POST request to the action.php endpoint of the Online Shopping System. The hacker would use the keyword POST parameter to inject SQL commands in the request, exploiting the lack of input sanitization. These injected commands could then be executed by the application’s database, potentially leading to unauthorized read or write access to sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /action.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
keyword=' OR '1'='1'; DROP TABLE customers; --

This example uses the SQL Injection to trick the application into executing a command that drops (deletes) the ‘customers’ table from the database. In a real-world scenario, the injected commands could be tailored to extract sensitive data or execute other malicious actions.

Mitigation and Prevention

Users are urged to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as possible to address this vulnerability. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. It’s also crucial to always sanitize user-supplied input to prevent such vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

This report highlights a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-54531, identified within JetBrains TeamCity versions prior to 2025.07. This vulnerability, targeting Windows systems, enables an attacker to execute path traversal attacks during plugin unpacking, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the high severity of this vulnerability, an urgent response from the affected users is required.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54531
Severity: High – 7.7 CVSS Score
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

JetBrains TeamCity | Before 2025.07

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a path traversal flaw in JetBrains TeamCity. When a plugin is being unpacked on a Windows system, it does not properly sanitize file paths. An attacker can craft a malicious plugin that, when unpacked, would allow files to be written outside of the intended directory, potentially overwriting critical system files or accessing sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker could send a malicious plugin with a crafted path, like this:

POST /plugin/upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="../../../../Windows/System32/malicious.dll"
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

In this example, the malicious plugin is named ‘malicious.dll’ and is placed in the Windows System32 folder. When the plugin is unpacked, the malicious code is executed, leading to a potential system compromise.

Mitigation

Users are advised to immediately apply the vendor-provided patch to fix this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. However, these are not long-term solutions and the patch should be applied as soon as it is feasible.

Overview

A severe vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-47281 has been discovered in the Kyverno policy engine, a tool often utilized by cloud-native platform engineering teams. This flaw, affecting versions 1.14.1 and below, could allow attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS), potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47281
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kyverno Policy Engine | 1.14.1 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises due to the improper handling of JMESPath variable substitutions in Kyverno. Attackers with permissions to create or update Kyverno policies can craft expressions using the {{@}} variable combined with a pipe and an invalid JMESPath function. This leads to a nil value being substituted into the policy structure. Subsequent processing by internal functions, specifically getValueAsStringMap, which expect string values, result in a panic due to a type assertion failure. This crashes Kyverno worker threads in the admission controller and causes continuous crashes of the reports controller pod.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following example of a malicious policy:

apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
kind: ClusterPolicy
metadata:
name: exploit-cve-2025-47281
spec:
rules:
- name: exploit
match:
resources:
kinds:
- Pod
mutate:
overlay:
spec:
containers:
- (name): "*"
resources:
limits:
cpu: "{{@ | non_existent_function }}"

In this example, the attacker crafts a malicious expression (`{{@ | non_existent_function }}`) that leads to a nil value being substituted into the policy structure, triggering the vulnerability.

Overview

This report discusses the details of a discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-4439, found in GitLab CE/EE versions ranging from 15.10 to 18.2.1. This vulnerability presents a significant risk as it allows an authenticated user to perform cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks when the instance is served through certain content delivery networks (CDNs). Given the widespread use of GitLab for version control and project management, it is crucial for organizations to understand and mitigate this risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4439
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GitLab CE/EE | 15.10 – 18.0.4
GitLab CE/EE | 18.1 – 18.1.2
GitLab CE/EE | 18.2 – 18.2.0

How the Exploit Works

CVE-2025-4439 exploits a flaw in the handling of certain CDNs by the GitLab instance. An authenticated user can inject malicious scripts into the web application, which are then executed in the user’s browser when they access the web app through the affected CDNs. This is a classic Cross-Site Scripting attack, a common web security vulnerability.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /vulnerable/cdn HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"script": "<script>malicious_code_here</script>"
}

This is a conceptual example demonstrating how the payload with malicious script might be sent to the vulnerable endpoint.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to immediately apply the vendor patch when available. As a temporary mitigation, users can employ Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and prevent exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

This report discusses a serious vulnerability in Devolutions Server, designated as CVE-2025-6741. This vulnerability, if exploited, can compromise data and system integrity by allowing unauthorized access to sensitive information via the secure message entry attachment feature. The vulnerability impacts both businesses and individual users utilizing affected versions of Devolutions Server, underscoring the urgency of its mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6741
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Authenticated User)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Devolutions Server | 2025.2.2.0 through 2025.2.4.0
Devolutions Server | 2025.1.11.0 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from an improper access control mechanism in the secure message component of Devolutions Server. An authenticated user could exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to the secure message entry attachment feature. By doing so, they could gain unauthorized access to sensitive data, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /secure_message/attachment_entry HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer {user_token}
{
"entry_id": "{unauthorized_entry_id}",
"attachment_data": "{malicious_payload}"
}

In this conceptual example, an authenticated user sends a POST request to the `attachment_entry` endpoint of the `secure_message` component. The user includes an `entry_id` for an entry to which they do not have legitimate access, and `attachment_data` that represents a malicious payload. This unauthorized action is made possible due to the improper access control mechanism in place.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-6523 pertains to the use of weak credentials in the emergency authentication component of Devolutions Server. This vulnerability affects a broad range of Devolutions Server versions and allows an unauthenticated attacker to exploit the system by brute forcing short emergency codes. The potential impact could lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing significant risk to organizations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6523
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Devolutions Server | 2025.2.2.0 through 2025.2.3.0
Devolutions Server | 2025.1.11.0 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the weak emergency authentication codes generated by the Devolutions Server. An unauthenticated attacker can systematically try all possible combinations of these short emergency codes in a feasible timeframe. Once the correct code is found, the attacker can bypass authentication, gaining access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode represents an attacker’s brute force attempt to crack the emergency code:

import requests
# Define the target URL
url = 'http://target.example.com/auth/emergency'
# Define a range for brute forcing the emergency codes
for code in range(1000, 9999):  # Adjust this range based on the code length
# Define the malicious payload
payload = {'emergency_code': str(code)}
# Make a POST request to the vulnerable endpoint
response = requests.post(url, data=payload)
# Check if the authentication was successful
if 'Authentication successful' in response.text:
print(f'Successful authentication with code: {code}')
break

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-50069 is a serious threat that affects the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) component of the Oracle Database Server. This vulnerability exposes certain versions of the Oracle Database Server to potential system compromise or data leakage by low privileged attackers. The severity and widespread use of the affected software make this vulnerability a significant concern for businesses and organizations alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-50069
Severity: Critical (CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network (Oracle Net)
Privileges Required: Low (Create Session, Create Procedure)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Java VM accessible data

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Oracle Database Server (Java VM Component) | 19.3 to 19.27, 21.3 to 21.18

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would leverage a flaw in the Java VM component of the Oracle Database Server. The attacker, even with low privileges (having Create Session, Create Procedure privilege), can exploit this vulnerability over a network using Oracle Net. Successful exploitation can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized access to critical data or achieve complete access to all data that the Java VM can access.

Conceptual Example Code

// Connect to the Oracle Database Server
OracleDataSource ods = new OracleDataSource();
ods.setURL("jdbc:oracle:thin:@target.oracle.server:1521:orcl");
ods.setUser("low_privileged_user");
ods.setPassword("password");
// Create a session and a malicious procedure
Connection conn = ods.getConnection();
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.execute("CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE malicious_procedure AS BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'malicious_payload'; END;");
stmt.close();
conn.close();

In the above conceptual example, a low privileged user creates a malicious procedure that carries out the attack. The malicious payload would be specifically crafted to exploit the vulnerability in the Java VM, leading to unauthorized data access.