Author: Ameeba

Overview

In this blog post, we delve into the recent critical vulnerability CVE-2022-45134 affecting Mahara versions 21.10 before 21.10.6, 22.04 before 22.04.4, and 22.10 before 22.10.1. Mahara is a popular open-source e-portfolio system widely used by educational institutions globally. This vulnerability allows potential attackers to execute arbitrary code on the target system through a particular XML file structure during the skin import process. It’s crucial to understand and address this vulnerability promptly as it poses a severe threat to data security, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2022-45134
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Mahara | 21.10 before 21.10.6
Mahara | 22.04 before 22.04.4
Mahara | 22.10 before 22.10.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the unsafe deserialization of user input during the skin import process. When Mahara processes a specially structured XML file, it may lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can exploit this by sending a malicious XML file in the skin import request, which, when deserialized unsafely by the application, allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the target system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. Please note that this is a hypothetical example and not actual exploit code.

POST /skin_import HTTP/1.1
Host: mahara.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<root>
<exploit>...malicious code here...</exploit>
</root>

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the `/skin_import` endpoint with a malicious XML payload.

Mitigation Guide

Users are strongly advised to update their Mahara installation to the latest versions – 21.10.6, 22.04.4, or 22.10.1, as these versions contain the patch for this vulnerability. If it’s not possible to apply the patch immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems should be configured to block or alert on suspicious XML payloads in the skin import requests.
Remember, staying up-to-date with software patches and having a robust security system in place is essential in protecting your systems and data from such vulnerabilities.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system has recently identified a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-55613, which poses a significant risk to the integrity of systems running Tenda O3V2 1.0.0.12(3880). This Buffer Overflow vulnerability has the potential to be exploited by malicious actors to compromise systems and expose sensitive data. In a world where data is king, and protection of this data paramount, understanding and mitigating such vulnerabilities is of crucial importance for organizations and individuals alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55613
Severity: Critical (CVSS score: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda O3V2 | 1.0.0.12(3880)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a buffer overflow in the fromSafeSetMacFilter function in Tenda O3V2. This can be triggered via the mac parameter, leading to a potential system compromise. In essence, if an attacker sends a specially crafted payload that exceeds the allocated buffer size for the mac parameter, it can overflow the buffer, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or a system crash.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a simplified conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a hypothetical HTTP request where a malicious payload is inserted into the mac parameter:

POST /fromSafeSetMacFilter HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "mac": "00:00:00:00:00:00[OVERFLOW STRING]" }

In this example, “[OVERFLOW STRING]” represents a string of characters that exceeds the buffer limit set for the mac parameter, thereby causing an overflow.
Note: The above is a conceptual example for understanding purposes and does not represent an actual exploit.

Mitigation

To mitigate the vulnerability, it is recommended that users apply the patch provided by the vendor. Until the patch is applied, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. Always make sure to keep your systems up-to-date and follow the latest cybersecurity best practices to reduce the risk of exploitation.

Overview

Cybersecurity vulnerabilities are a threat to the security and integrity of information systems worldwide. One such vulnerability is CVE-2024-53499, a high-severity SQL injection vulnerability found in Jeewms v3.7. This vulnerability affects the CgReportController API and, if exploited, could lead to system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of Jeewms for business management and its critical role in data handling, this vulnerability could have severe implications for users, making its understanding and mitigation an urgent priority.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-53499
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Jeewms | v3.7

How the Exploit Works

The SQL Injection vulnerability lies in Jeewms v3.7’s CgReportController API. Cyber attackers can inject malicious SQL statements into the API, which the system then executes. This exploit happens because the application fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input before incorporating it into SQL queries. Successful exploitation of the vulnerability can allow an attacker to view, modify, or delete data in the underlying database. In worst-case scenarios, it can even enable system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses a malicious SQL statement disguised as a seemingly normal user input:

POST /CgReportController/query HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
id=1 OR 1=1; DROP TABLE users

In this example, the input “1 OR 1=1; DROP TABLE users” is injected, which could potentially delete the ‘users’ table from the database if successfully executed.

Mitigation Measures

Users of Jeewms v3.7 are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available to mitigate the risk posed by this vulnerability. As a temporary mitigation measure, users can deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent SQL injection attacks.
Such measures can help to sanitize user input, preventing the execution of malicious SQL commands. However, these are not permanent solutions and users must still apply the vendor patch as the ultimate remedy to the vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability, CVE-2024-53496, pertains to incorrect access control mechanisms in the doFilter function within the software my-site v1.0.2.RELEASE. This vulnerability is of critical concern as it poses the potential risk of allowing unauthorized attackers to access sensitive components without the necessity of authentication. Such unsecured access to essential components could lead to grave consequences, including system compromise and data leakage. It is especially concerning for organizations or individuals utilizing the affected version of my-site, as it directly threatens their security apparatus and data integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-53496
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

my-site | v1.0.2.RELEASE

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a flaw in the access control mechanism of the doFilter function within my-site v1.0.2.RELEASE. Due to this flaw, a potential attacker can bypass the authentication process altogether. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker can gain unauthorized access to sensitive components of the system. This unauthenticated access can lead to potential system compromise, allowing the attacker to manipulate the system according to their malicious intent and potentially leading to significant data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The below example demonstrates a conceptual understanding of how the vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker can send a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint of the target system. Here, “malicious_payload” represents the malicious data or commands that the attacker sends to exploit the vulnerability.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the vulnerability, the immediate recommended action is to apply the vendor’s patch. If the patch is not readily available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method. These tools can help detect and block malicious activities, thereby providing an additional layer of security. However, these should only be considered as temporary solutions, and upgrading to the patched version should be performed as soon as possible to fully resolve the vulnerability.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is a battlefield where vulnerabilities often serve as the entry points for malicious actors. One such vulnerability is CVE-2024-52786, an authentication bypass flaw in the anji-plus AJ-Report up to version 1.4.2. This vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code via a specially crafted URL, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning as it affects a wide range of organizations using the anji-plus AJ-Report software for their business analytics needs.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-52786
Severity: Critical, CVSS 9.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential for system compromise and data leakage upon successful exploit

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

anji-plus AJ-Report | Up to v1.4.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the authentication bypass vulnerability in the anji-plus AJ-Report. The attacker crafts a malicious URL targeting the affected software. The system, due to the flaw, fails to adequately authenticate the incoming request and grants the attacker access. This access allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the system, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request with a malicious payload embedded in the URL.

GET /ajreport/?payload=malicious_code HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Mitigation and Prevention

Until the vendor releases a patch for this vulnerability, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability by monitoring for suspicious URLs or payloads. However, the best course of action is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available to permanently close off this vulnerability.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system, better known as CVE, has identified a critical security flaw in MallChat v1.0-SNAPSHOT, a popular communications platform. Categorized under the ID CVE-2024-50645, this vulnerability allows attackers to bypass authentication processes and gain unauthorized access to the system’s API without requiring any token. This type of vulnerability is particularly concerning as it can lead to potential system compromise and data leakage, which could have far-reaching and damaging consequences for both users and service providers.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-50645
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MallChat | v1.0-SNAPSHOT

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits a flaw in the system’s authentication mechanism that verifies the identity of a user or process. In the case of MallChat v1.0-SNAPSHOT, the verification process lacks sufficient security checks, allowing an attacker to bypass authentication and access the API without any token. This means an unauthorized user could potentially gain access to sensitive data or even take control of the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a hypothetical example of how this exploit could be carried out. This represents a malicious HTTP request to the API endpoint without an access token:

GET /api/userdata HTTP/1.1
Host: mallchat.example.com

The request above is a simple GET request made to the ‘userdata’ endpoint of the MallChat API. Notice there’s no authentication token provided in the headers. If the system is vulnerable and doesn’t properly authenticate this request, an attacker can retrieve sensitive user data with ease.

Mitigation Guidance

The most effective way to protect against this vulnerability is to apply a vendor-provided patch. However, until such a patch is available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may serve as temporary mitigation. These tools can monitor and filter HTTP requests to detect and prevent unauthorized access attempts. Organizations should also consider implementing robust authentication mechanisms and regularly auditing their systems for security vulnerabilities.

Overview

A serious vulnerability has been identified in Voltronic Power’s ViewPower, ViewPower Pro, and PowerShield Netguard software. The vulnerability, dubbed CVE-2022-31491, potentially puts all systems running these versions at risk of being compromised. This vulnerability is a major concern as it allows unauthenticated remote attackers to run arbitrary code via an unspecified web interface, regardless of the state or presence of any managed UPS. This opens up a significant risk to system integrity and data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2022-31491
Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Voltronic Power ViewPower | up to 1.04-24215
Voltronic Power ViewPower Pro | up to 2.0-22165
PowerShield Netguard | before 1.04-23292

How the Exploit Works

This exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the web interface of the affected products. An attacker can send a specially crafted payload to the web interface, which is improperly processed by the system. This allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the system, potentially gaining full control over it.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this case, an HTTP request is sent with a malicious payload to a vulnerable endpoint.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"malicious_payload": "..."
}

Please note that this is only a conceptual example and real-world exploits can be much more complex and tailored to specific systems.

Mitigation Guidance

The most straightforward way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor’s patch. If for some reason this is not feasible, a temporary mitigation could be to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block exploit attempts. However, these are only temporary measures and updating the software to a patched version should be a priority.

Overview

CVE-2025-57105 is a serious security vulnerability found in DI-7400G+ routers that allows malicious users to execute arbitrary commands on the device. This vulnerability could lead to a total system compromise or data leakage, putting the integrity and confidentiality of data at risk. As routers are critical network infrastructure devices, the security of these devices is paramount to maintaining secure network operations. The exploit has the potential to impact any individual or entity that utilizes a DI-7400G+ router, making it a high priority concern for cybersecurity professionals.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57105
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

DI-7400G+ Router | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to insufficient sanitization of user-supplied inputs in the “ac_mng_srv_host” parameter within the sub_478D28 function in mng_platform.asp and the sub_4A12DC function in wayos_ac_server.asp of the jhttpd program. This allows attackers to inject malicious commands that the system executes, granting them unauthorized access and control over the compromised device.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of a malicious HTTP request that an attacker might use to exploit this vulnerability:

POST /mng_platform.asp HTTP/1.1
Host: <Target Router IP>
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
ac_mng_srv_host=; <malicious command> #

By inserting a semicolon (;) followed by a space, an attacker can effectively terminate the current command and start a new one. The hash (#) at the end serves as a comment, ensuring that anything following it is ignored, thus preventing any potential errors that could arise from trailing characters.

Mitigation and Prevention

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. Until then, a WAF (Web Application Firewall) or IDS (Intrusion Detection System) can be used as a temporary mitigation strategy to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. It’s also recommended to restrict network access to the router’s management interface to trusted IPs only and always use secure and complex passwords to further enhance the security of the system.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently documented a critical security flaw in Reolink v4.54.0.4.20250526, labeled CVE-2025-55619. This vulnerability involves the use of a hardcoded encryption key and initialization vector within the software, posing serious security concerns to any systems or networks running this version of the software. The severity of this issue is underscored by its ability to compromise system security and potentially lead to unauthorized access or data leakage.
This vulnerability affects all users of the Reolink v4.54.0.4.20250526 software, and its implications are vast. Given that an attacker can leverage this flaw to decrypt access tokens and web session tokens, the vulnerability presents a significant risk to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55619
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Reolink | v4.54.0.4.20250526

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the presence of hardcoded encryption keys and initialization vectors in the Reolink software. These hardcoded keys can be discovered via reverse engineering of the software’s codebase. Once these keys are known, an attacker can decrypt access tokens and web session tokens that are stored within the app. This decrypted information can be used to gain unauthorized access to the system or to extract sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual representation of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

# Reverse engineering the app to extract the hardcoded encryption key and IV
$ reverse_engineer -app Reolink_v4.54.0.4.20250526 -extract_keys
# Using the extracted keys to decrypt a captured web session token
$ decrypt -key extracted_key -iv extracted_iv -input captured_web_session_token

This example assumes that the attacker has already captured a web session token from network traffic, which they then decrypt using the extracted encryption key and initialization vector.

Recommended Mitigation

Users affected by this vulnerability are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help mitigate the risk of exploitation. Regularly reviewing and updating security measures is also recommended to maintain system integrity against emerging threats.

Overview

In a recent discovery, a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-55398, was identified in the mouse07410 asn1c through 0.9.29, a fork of vlm asn1c. This vulnerability may affect a range of applications and services using this version of asn1c for encoding and decoding ASN.1 data structures. ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) is widely used in telecommunications and computer networking, and thus the vulnerability potentially has a broad impact.
The issue lies in the UPER (Unaligned Packed Encoding Rules), where asn1c-generated decoders fail to enforce INTEGER constraints when the bound is positive and exceeds 32 bits in length. This could potentially allow incorrect or malicious input to be processed, leading to serious consequences like system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55398
Severity: Critical (9.8 – CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Direct (via malformed ASN.1 data)
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

mouse07410 asn1c | 0.9.29 and earlier versions

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the UPER (Unaligned Packed Encoding Rules) portion of the asn1c. UPER is used for efficient encoding and decoding of ASN.1 data structures. However, when it comes to handling INTEGER constraints that exceed 32 bits in length, asn1c-generated decoders fail to enforce these constraints.
This lack of constraint enforcement allows an attacker to send malformed ASN.1 data that can bypass the checks. This can lead to unexpected behavior or even allow malicious payload execution, depending on the application’s handling of decoded data.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specific exploitation would depend on the application using asn1c, a conceptual example might be similar to the following pseudocode:

# Pseudo-code for exploiting the vulnerability
def exploit(target_system):
malformed_asn1_data = generate_malformed_asn1_data()  # A function to generate malformed ASN.1 data
response = target_system.decode(malformed_asn1_data)  # The system would fail to enforce INTEGER constraints
if response.status == 'Success':
# If the malformed data is processed successfully, it indicates the system is vulnerable
print("System is vulnerable")
else:
print("Exploit failed")

In this pseudo-code, generate_malformed_asn1_data is a function that would create an ASN.1 data structure with an INTEGER constraint that exceeds 32 bits in length. The decode function is used to process the data, and if the system fails to enforce the INTEGER constraint, it would process the malformed data, indicating the system is vulnerable.