Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report discusses a significant cybersecurity vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-28055. The vulnerability is present in the upset-gal-web v7.1.0 where the /api/music/v1/cover.ts contains an arbitrary file read vulnerability. This flaw can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, impacting both individuals and businesses using the affected version of the software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28055
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: This vulnerability can lead to arbitrary file read, which often results in system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

upset-gal-web | v7.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The arbitrary file read vulnerability stems from an issue in the /api/music/v1/cover.ts endpoint. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to the endpoint and read any file on the system. This vulnerability does not require any user interaction or elevated privileges, thus making it a critical security risk.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of an exploit might look like this:

GET /api/music/v1/cover.ts?file=../../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

The above example exploits the arbitrary file read vulnerability to read the /etc/passwd file, a critical system file on Unix-like systems that contains user account information.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as possible. In the meantime, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. It is also crucial to routinely check for and install any software updates to prevent future vulnerabilities.

Overview

The cybersecurity world has once again been shaken with the discovery of a new vulnerability, CVE-2024-56526. This flaw resides in the OXID eShop, an ecommerce solution, specifically in versions prior to 7. The vulnerability arises from an issue with CMS pages in combination with Smarty, a PHP-based templating engine, leading to the potential exposure of sensitive user information. This vulnerability is a serious concern for any online retailer using OXID eShop, as it could lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-56526
Severity: High (7.5/10)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Exposure of sensitive information and potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OXID eShop | Before 7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is a result of a combination of CMS pages and the Smarty templating engine. If a CMS page contains a Smarty syntax error, user information may be displayed inadvertently. This flaw can be exploited remotely by malicious actors, who could use it to extract sensitive user data or potentially gain unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability, by crafting a malicious payload designed to trigger a Smarty syntax error:

GET /cms/page-with-smarty-error HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-eshop.example.com

Once the request is processed, the server could respond with a page containing exposed user information due to the Smarty syntax error.

Mitigation

The simplest and most effective mitigation for this issue is to apply the vendor-provided patch. For those unable to immediately apply the patch, a possible temporary measure could be the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit the vulnerability.

Overview

APTIOV’s BIOS is susceptible to a significant vulnerability, CVE-2024-42446, that permits a local attacker to provoke a Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition. This vulnerability potentially impacts all systems running affected versions of this BIOS, and its exploitation could lead to a system compromise or data leakage, thereby making it a considerable threat to the integrity of users’ data and system security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-42446
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System Compromise, Potential Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

APTIOV | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is a classic example of a Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition. The attacker can manipulate the BIOS process by exploiting the gap between the check (time of check) and the use (time of use) of a resource. By doing so, the attacker may cause the system to execute arbitrary code. This exploit requires local access to the system and user interaction.

Conceptual Example Code

The exploitation of this vulnerability does not involve a specific code or command but rather a sequence of actions that manipulate the timing and sequence of events in the BIOS process. Nonetheless, a conceptual example of the exploit might look like this:

# Attacker identifies a resource to exploit
resource = identify_vulnerable_resource()
# Attacker initiates a race condition
initiate_race_condition(resource)
# Attacker injects arbitrary code in the 'use' phase of the resource
inject_arbitrary_code(resource)

This is a conceptual example and does not represent actual exploit code. The attacker must have intimate knowledge of the system’s resources and timing to carry out this exploit.

Mitigation Guidance

The effective method to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to monitor and block suspicious activities. However, these measures do not eliminate the vulnerability, and applying the patch is strongly recommended.

Overview

The cybersecurity community has identified a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-30176, that affects various versions of Siemens’ SIMATIC PCS neo, SINEC NMS, SINEMA Remote Connect, and Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal), including the User Management Component (UMC). This vulnerability can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, making it a severe threat that requires immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30176
Severity: Critical, CVSS v3 Score of 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIMATIC PCS neo | V4.1, V5.0
SINEC NMS | All versions
SINEMA Remote Connect | All versions
Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) | V17, V18, V19, V20
User Management Component (UMC) | All versions < V2.15.1.1 How the Exploit Works

This critical vulnerability arises from an out-of-bounds read buffer overflow within the integrated UMC component of the affected products. An unauthenticated attacker can remotely exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted data to the targeted system. The overflow can cause the system to crash, resulting in a denial of service. In some instances, the exploit may also allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code or access sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious payload.

POST /umc/vulnerable_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "buffer_overflow_string" }

In this example, the “buffer_overflow_string” would be a crafted string of data designed to overflow the buffer and exploit the vulnerability.
It is advisable to apply the vendor-released patches immediately or use WAF/IDS solutions as temporary mitigation to prevent potential exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-30175, has been identified in multiple versions of SIMATIC PCS neo, SINEC NMS, SINEMA Remote Connect, Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal), and User Management Component (UMC). The vulnerability is of high concern due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage, and it could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to cause a denial of service condition.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30175
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIMATIC PCS neo | V4.1, V5.0
SINEC NMS | All versions
SINEMA Remote Connect | All versions
TIA Portal | V17, V18, V19, V20
User Management Component (UMC) | All versions < V2.15.1.1 How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an out of bounds write buffer overflow vulnerability in the integrated UMC component of the affected products. An unauthenticated, remote attacker could send specially crafted data to the targeted system, causing the system to write data beyond the boundaries of allocated memory buffers. This could lead to a denial of service condition or potentially allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of the exploit might look like this:

POST /UMCcomponent/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "buffer_overflow_payload": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA..." }

The “buffer_overflow_payload” in the example contains an unusually large amount of data, specifically designed to overflow the allocated memory buffer and exploit the vulnerability.

Overview

A critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-30174 has been discovered in various versions of SIMATIC PCS neo, SINEC NMS, SINEMA Remote Connect, and Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) products. This vulnerability lies in the User Management Component (UMC) of these products and can be exploited by an unauthenticated remote attacker to cause a denial of service condition. This vulnerability presents a significant security risk, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30174
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIMATIC PCS neo | All versions < V2.15.1.1 SINEC NMS | All versions < V2.15.1.1 SINEMA Remote Connect | All versions < V2.15.1.1 Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) | V17 - V20, All versions < V2.15.1.1 User Management Component (UMC) | All versions < V2.15.1.1 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from an out of bound read buffer overflow in the integrated User Management Component (UMC) of the affected products. An unauthenticated remote attacker can send specially crafted data packets to the targeted system. The system, not properly validating the size of the incoming data, may attempt to store it in a buffer that is smaller than the data size, causing an overflow condition. This can lead to a denial of service, and possibly, an attacker may execute arbitrary code on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /umc/api/login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "username": "admin", "password": "A"*10000 }

In the above conceptual example, an attacker sends a large amount of data (represented by “A”*10000) as the password field to the login API endpoint of the UMC. This can lead to a buffer overflow if the system doesn’t properly validate the size of the incoming data.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch immediately, upgrading to versions V2.15.1.1 or later. As a temporary measure, Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can be used to block or alert of potential attacks.

Overview

This report provides a detailed analysis of a serious vulnerability identified in SIRIUS 3RK3 Modular Safety System (MSS) and SIRIUS Safety Relays 3SK2 across all versions. The vulnerability stems from a weak password obfuscation mechanism, making it possible for attackers with network access to retrieve and de-obfuscate the safety password. Given the potential for system compromise or data leakage, addressing this vulnerability is critical.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24007
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIRIUS 3RK3 Modular Safety System (MSS) | All versions
SIRIUS Safety Relays 3SK2 | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages the weak password obfuscation mechanism present in the SIRIUS safety systems. An attacker with network access can retrieve the obfuscated safety password. Given the weakness in the obfuscation, they can then de-obfuscate this password. With the safety password in hand, the attacker can then bypass protection mechanisms against inadvertent operating errors, potentially causing system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual representation of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

GET /retrieve/password HTTP/1.1
Host: target.sirius.com
Accept: application/json

In the above pseudocode, the attacker sends a simple HTTP GET request to a hypothetical endpoint that retrieves the obfuscated safety password.

Overview

The CVE-2024-23815 vulnerability is a critical SQL injection flaw that affects Desigo CC server applications. The vulnerability has potential implications for any organization using Desigo CC, as it allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL queries on the server database. This issue is particularly significant because of its potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-23815
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Desigo CC | All versions (access from Installed Clients to Desigo CC server allowed from networks outside of highly protected zone)
Desigo CC | All versions (access from Installed Clients to Desigo CC server only allowed within highly protected zones)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the Desigo CC server application’s failure to authenticate specific client requests. An attacker can exploit this by modifying the client binary, which then allows the execution of arbitrary SQL queries on the server database via the event port. This could potentially enable an attacker to manipulate the database, extract sensitive data, or even gain unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using a malicious SQL query in a client request:

POST /eventport/4998/tcp HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
{ "client_request": "DROP TABLE users;" }

This malicious request attempts to delete a users table from the server database, effectively highlighting the destructive potential of this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-4396 vulnerability impacts the Relevanssi – A Better Search plugin for WordPress, exposing users to a potential SQL injection attack. This vulnerability is due to inadequate escaping of user-supplied parameters and insufficient preparation of SQL queries. As a result, unauthenticated attackers may exploit this flaw to append additional SQL queries, thereby extracting sensitive information from the database. It is critical to address this vulnerability to prevent potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4396
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to unauthorized extraction of sensitive information from database

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Relevanssi – A Better Search plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 4.24.4 (Free) and <= 2.27.4 (Premium) How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability stems from the inadequate escaping of user-supplied parameters in the ‘cats’ and ‘tags’ query parameters within the Relevanssi plugin. Lack of sufficient preparation on the existing SQL query allows unauthenticated attackers to append additional SQL queries to already existing ones. By exploiting this vulnerability, the attacker can manipulate the SQL statement and retrieve sensitive information from the database.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a maliciously crafted HTTP request.

GET /?s=test&cats=1%20UNION%20ALL%20SELECT%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20concat(user_login,%27|%27,user_pass)%20FROM%20wp_users%20--%20&tags=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-wordpress-site.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:88.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/88.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: close
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

In this example, the attacker uses an SQL UNION operator to append a query that retrieves user credentials from the ‘wp_users’ table. The ‘–‘ comments out the rest of the original SQL statement, making the appended query execute independently.

Overview

This report provides an analysis of the CVE-2025-31247 vulnerability. This vulnerability, found in various versions of macOS, leverages a logic issue to gain unauthorized access to protected parts of the file system. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant security risk to users and organizations utilizing affected macOS versions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31247
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Unauthorized access to protected file system leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

macOS Ventura | 13.7.6 and earlier
macOS Sequoia | 15.5 and earlier
macOS Sonoma | 14.7.6 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of a logic flaw in the state management of the macOS versions mentioned. The flaw, when manipulated, allows an attacker to bypass the inherent access controls and permissions, gaining unauthorized access to protected areas of the file system.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact method of exploitation will depend on the specific configurations and usage scenarios of the targeted system, a conceptual example might involve a malicious local application or script that interacts with the file system in a way that triggers the logic flaw.

#!/bin/bash
# Conceptual shell script to exploit CVE-2025-31247
echo "Exploiting logic flaw..."
touch /protected/area/data.txt
echo "Malicious data" > /protected/area/data.txt
echo "Data written to protected area."

In the above example, a bash script is used to create and modify a file in a protected area of the file system. This should not be possible under normal conditions, but due to the logic flaw, the system allows it.
Users are strongly advised to patch their systems as soon as possible, or to use WAF/IDS as a temporary mitigation measure against this vulnerability.