Author: Ameeba

  • CVE-2025-52572: Critical Vulnerability in Hikka Telegram Userbot

    Overview

    The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a severe vulnerability, CVE-2025-52572, affecting all versions of the popular Telegram userbot, Hikka. This vulnerability has the potential to compromise entire systems and leak sensitive data, making it a pressing concern for all Hikka users. With a CVSS severity score of 10.0, the maximum possible, it represents a significant threat to the security and privacy of users and their data.
    The vulnerability lies in the Hikka bot’s web interface and can be exploited in two distinct scenarios. The first scenario occurs when the web interface lacks an authenticated session, allowing an attacker to use their Telegram account to gain remote code execution (RCE) to the server. The second scenario involves an authenticated session, where a lack of sufficient warning in the authentication message tempts users to allow potentially damaging actions.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-52572
    Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: System compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Hikka (Telegram Userbot) | All Versions

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit takes advantage of flaws in Hikka’s web interface. In the first scenario, if the interface lacks an authenticated session, an attacker can use their Telegram account to authorize in the dangling web interface and gain RCE to the server. In the second scenario, with an authenticated session, an attacker can manipulate users into allowing potentially harmful actions due to insufficient warning in the authentication message. This not only enables RCE but also grants the attacker access to the Telegram accounts of the owners.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Given the nature of this vulnerability, a conceptual example would involve an attacker using their own Telegram account to authorize in the dangling web interface of an unsecured Hikka userbot. This could potentially look something like this:

    import telebot
    bot = telebot.TeleBot('YOUR_BOT_TOKEN')
    @bot.message_handler(commands=['start'])
    def send_welcome(message):
    bot.reply_to(message, "Hello, I am the attacker's bot. You just allowed me to execute remote code on your server.")
    bot.polling()

    In this conceptual example, the attacker’s bot sends a welcome message to the user, indicating that the user has unknowingly given the bot permission to execute remote code. The actual exploit would be far more complex and malicious, but this provides a basic idea of how the vulnerability could be exploited.

  • CVE-2025-52571: Unauthenticated Access to Telegram Account and Server via Hikka Userbot

    Overview

    In today’s interconnected world, cybersecurity vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to both personal and professional information. One such vulnerability is CVE-2025-52571, a significant flaw in Hikka, a popular Telegram userbot. This vulnerability affects all users who are operating on Hikka versions below 1.6.2, and it opens the door for unauthenticated attackers to gain access to both the victim’s Telegram account and the server where the userbot is hosted. The severity of this vulnerability, coupled with the popularity of Telegram as a communication platform, underscores the importance of immediate action to mitigate the risk.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-52571
    Severity: Critical (CVSS Score 9.6)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Unauthorized access to Telegram account and server, potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Hikka Userbot | All versions below 1.6.2

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability in Hikka userbot is a flaw in the authentication process. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted requests to the Hikka server. These requests bypass the existing authentication mechanisms, allowing the attacker to gain unauthorized access to both the Telegram account associated with the bot and the server where the bot is hosted. This access can be leveraged to compromise the system or leak sensitive data.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual demonstration of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this is a simplified hypothetical example and real-world exploitation might involve more complex tactics:

    POST /hikka/login HTTP/1.1
    Host: vulnerable-hikka-bot.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    { "username": "victim", "password": "", "force_auth": true }

    In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the `/hikka/login` endpoint with a blank password and the `force_auth` flag set to true. This forces the server to authenticate the provided username without validating the password, granting the attacker access to the victim’s account.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The issue has been patched in version 1.6.2 of the Hikka userbot. All users are strongly advised to update their Hikka version to 1.6.2 or newer immediately. No known workarounds are available. In case updating the userbot is not immediately possible, users can apply a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation to monitor and block suspicious requests.

  • CVE-2024-37743: Critical Vulnerability in mmzdev KnowledgeGPT V.0.0.5 Document Display Component

    Overview

    Cybersecurity threats are an omnipresent concern for digital businesses, and the CVE-2024-37743 vulnerability poses a significant risk to users of the mmzdev KnowledgeGPT V.0.0.5 software. This issue enables a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the Document Display Component, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.
    The severity of this vulnerability, coupled with the broad user base of the mmzdev KnowledgeGPT, makes it a critical concern. Immediate attention to this issue is necessary to prevent exploitation and maintain secure digital environments.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2024-37743
    Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise, data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    mmzdev KnowledgeGPT | V.0.0.5

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from insufficient input validation in the Document Display Component of the mmzdev KnowledgeGPT software. This flaw allows a remote attacker to inject malicious code within the user’s session. When the document is displayed, the code is automatically executed, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

    POST /document/display HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    { "document": "<script>malicious code here</script>" }

    In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the display endpoint with a malicious payload embedded in the document parameter. The server executes the malicious script when displaying the document, leading to potential system compromise.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The best mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. If this is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary protection by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are not long-term solutions, and the vendor’s patch should be applied as soon as feasible to ensure complete protection.

  • CVE-2025-4378: Authentication Bypass Vulnerability in Ataturk University’s ATA-AOF Mobile Application

    Overview

    CVE-2025-4378 is a critical vulnerability that affects the mobile application ATA-AOF developed by Ataturk University. The vulnerability, which involves the use of hard-coded credentials and the cleartext transmission of sensitive information, could lead to authentication abuse or bypass. This could potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it is crucial for users and administrators of the ATA-AOF mobile application to understand its nature and take immediate preventive measures.
    The vulnerability affects ATA-AOF Mobile Application versions prior to 20.06.2025. Because of the potential for unauthorized access and data leakage, the vulnerability has been assigned the highest severity score of 10.0.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-4378
    Severity: Critical, CVSS Severity Score 10.0
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    ATA-AOF Mobile Application | Before 20.06.2025

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from two primary issues: the use of hard-coded credentials and the transmission of sensitive information in cleartext. The hardcoded credentials in the mobile application’s code can be extracted and used by an attacker to bypass authentication mechanisms. The cleartext transmission of sensitive data, such as user login information, over the network can be intercepted by an attacker with network access. This could potentially lead to unauthorized access to user accounts or sensitive data stored in the application.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following pseudocode represents a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

    GET /auth/login HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    {
    "username": "hardcoded_username",
    "password": "hardcoded_password"
    }

    In the above example, the attacker uses the hardcoded credentials to send a GET request to the authentication endpoint. If successful, the attacker would gain unauthorized access to the application.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The best mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor’s patch for the application. Ataturk University has released a patch for ATA-AOF Mobile Application versions 20.06.2025 and later that addresses this vulnerability. Users should apply this patch as soon as possible to mitigate the risk.
    In cases where immediate patching is not possible, users can resort to temporary mitigation by using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block suspicious network activities. However, this should not be considered a permanent solution as it does not remove the underlying vulnerability. It is strongly recommended to apply the vendor’s patch when possible.

  • CVE-2025-4383: Critical Authentication Vulnerability in Wi-Fi Cloud Hotspot

    Overview
    The security of Wi-Fi networks is of paramount importance in the modern world, with many businesses and individuals relying on their integrity for daily operations. Recently, a severe security vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2025-4383, has been discovered in the Wi-Fi Cloud Hotspot software provided by Art-in Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Yazılım Hizm. Tic. Ltd. Şti. This vulnerability can allow potential attackers to bypass the authentication process, leading to severe consequences such as system compromise and data leakage.
    Vulnerability Summary
    CVE ID: CVE-2025-4383
    Severity: Critical (9.3 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage
    Affected Products
    Product | Affected Versions

    Wi-Fi Cloud Hotspot | Versions before 30.05.2025
    How the Exploit Works
    The CVE-2025-4383 vulnerability is due to an improper restriction of excessive authentication attempts in the Wi-Fi Cloud Hotspot software. This flaw allows malicious actors to conduct brute force attacks on the system without getting locked out or detected, potentially enabling them to discover the correct credentials and gain unauthorized access to the system. Once in, they could compromise system integrity or leak sensitive data.
    Conceptual Example Code
    Please note that the following is a
    conceptual
    example of how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability. It is crucial to understand that the actual exploit might vary according to the specific network configuration and the attacker’s tactics.

    POST /wifi-cloud-hotspot/authenticate HTTP/1.1
    Host: vulnerable-hotspot.example.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    {
    "username": "admin",
    "password": "guess123" //The attacker repeatedly sends requests with different passwords
    }

    In this example, the attacker is attempting to brute force the authentication process by sending numerous requests with different passwords. Due to the vulnerability, the system does not restrict these excessive attempts, allowing the attacker to continue until they find the correct credentials.
    Mitigation
    The vendor has released a patch to address this vulnerability. Users are strongly advised to apply this patch immediately to their affected systems. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure, helping to detect and potentially block brute force attacks. However, these are only temporary measures and do not substitute the need for the official vendor patch.

  • CVE-2025-32977: Unauthenticated Backup File Upload Vulnerability in Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance

    Overview

    The vulnerability CVE-2025-32977 is a critical flaw found in Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA) that potentially allows an unauthenticated user to upload backup files to the system. This vulnerability has a significant impact as it could potentially compromise system integrity and result in data leakage.
    This vulnerability is of major importance as it affects multiple versions of the Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA), a widely used software solution for unified endpoint management. Due to the weakness in the signature validation process, malicious backup content can be uploaded, thus compromising the integrity of the system.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-32977
    Severity: Critical (9.6 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System integrity compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA) | 13.0.x before 13.0.385
    Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA) | 13.1.x before 13.1.81
    Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA) | 13.2.x before 13.2.183
    Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA) | 14.0.x before 14.0.341 (Patch 5)
    Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA) | 14.1.x before 14.1.101 (Patch 4)

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit works by taking advantage of the weakness in the signature validation process implemented by the Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA). The malicious user, without any authentication, can upload a backup file containing malicious content. Once uploaded, the backup file can be restored, leading to the compromise of the system integrity and potential data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request that uploads a malicious backup file to the system:

    POST /backup/restore HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/octet-stream
    Content-Length: [length of the backup file]
    [binary data of the backup file]
  • CVE-2021-41691: SQL Injection Vulnerability in OS4Ed Open Source Information System Community

    Overview

    CVE-2021-41691 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability discovered in OS4Ed Open Source Information System Community version 8.0. This vulnerability may allow attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via a POST request to the /TransferredOutModal.php endpoint, exploiting the “student_id” and “TRANSFER[SCHOOL]” parameters. Given its severity, this vulnerability has the potential to compromise system security and result in data leakage if left unaddressed. It is crucial to understand the nature of this vulnerability, how it can be exploited, and the steps needed to mitigate the associated risks.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2021-41691
    Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    OS4Ed Open Source Information System Community | v8.0

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit works by an attacker sending a maliciously crafted POST request to the /TransferredOutModal.php endpoint. This request includes manipulative SQL commands in the “student_id” and “TRANSFER[SCHOOL]” parameters. The application fails to properly sanitize the input, allowing the attacker’s SQL commands to be executed directly on the database. This can potentially lead to unauthorized data modification, data leakage, or even full system compromise.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a
    conceptual
    example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

    POST /TransferredOutModal.php HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
    student_id=1; DROP TABLE users;--&TRANSFER[SCHOOL]='TestSchool'

    In this example, the attacker inserts a SQL command to drop a table from the database. This is a conceptual example and the actual attack payload would depend on the database structure and the attacker’s objectives.

    Mitigation

    To mitigate this vulnerability, it’s recommended to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it’s available. In case the patch is not immediately available or can’t be immediately applied due to various reasons, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. These systems can identify and block SQL injection attempts, thus protecting the application until the patch can be applied.

  • CVE-2025-32975: Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance Authentication Bypass Vulnerability

    Overview

    This blog post provides an in-depth analysis of CVE-2025-32975, a severe vulnerability affecting Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance (SMA). This flaw allows attackers to bypass the authentication process and impersonate legitimate users without providing valid credentials, potentially leading to a complete administrative takeover.
    The impact of this vulnerability is profound due to the potential for data leakage and system compromise. As Quest KACE SMA is widely used for managing systems and services, the security flaw could threaten numerous businesses and organizations, making it a critical concern for cybersecurity professionals.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-32975
    Severity: Critical (CVSS: 10.0)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Complete system compromise; potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Quest KACE SMA | 13.0.x before 13.0.385
    Quest KACE SMA | 13.1.x before 13.1.81
    Quest KACE SMA | 13.2.x before 13.2.183
    Quest KACE SMA | 14.0.x before 14.0.341 (Patch 5)
    Quest KACE SMA | 14.1.x before 14.1.101 (Patch 4)

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability lies in the SSO authentication handling mechanism of the Quest KACE Systems Management Appliance. It allows an attacker to bypass the authentication process altogether, thereby gaining unauthorized access to the system. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker could impersonate a legitimate user, gain administrative control, and potentially access sensitive data or disrupt system functions.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While no specific example code for this vulnerability has been publicly disclosed to prevent unauthorized misuse, a conceptual exploit could resemble the following HTTP request:

    POST /sso/auth HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    { "username": "admin", "password": "" }

    In the above conceptual example, the attacker sends an HTTP POST request to the SSO authentication endpoint with an empty password field. This request could potentially allow the attacker to bypass the authentication and gain unauthorized access.
    Please note that this is a simplified conceptual example and actual exploitation may involve more complex actions.

    Mitigation Guidance

    To mitigate this vulnerability, it’s recommended to apply the vendor patch immediately. If the patch can’t be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these measures are only stopgaps and can’t replace the need for the official patch.
    To maintain optimal cybersecurity, always ensure you’re running the latest version of your software, and apply security patches promptly as they become available.

  • CVE-2025-6426: Executable File Warning Vulnerability in Firefox for macOS

    Overview

    CVE-2025-6426 is a critical security vulnerability identified in Firefox for macOS. It is found that the executable file warning system does not provide appropriate alerts to users before opening files with the ‘terminal’ extension. This issue leaves the system exposed to potential threats, leading to possible system compromise or data leakage. Given that this vulnerability is present in Firefox versions below 140 and Firefox ESR versions less than 128.12, users of these versions are at significant risk.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-6426
    Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Local
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Firefox for macOS | < 140 Firefox ESR for macOS | < 128.12 How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability exploits the lack of a warning system in Firefox that should alert users when opening files with the ‘terminal’ extension. An attacker can craft a malicious ‘terminal’ file and trick a user into opening it. Once the file is opened, the attacker can execute arbitrary code, gain unauthorized access to the system, or extract sensitive information, leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of a terminal command that could exploit the vulnerability:

    # A malicious terminal command that uses the vulnerability
    open -a Firefox malicious_file.terminal

    This command opens the `malicious_file.terminal` using Firefox. If the user is running a vulnerable version of Firefox, the malicious file will be opened without any warning, potentially leading to the execution of harmful code.

    Mitigation Measures

    While the ultimate solution to this vulnerability is to apply the appropriate vendor patch, users can also employ WAF (Web Application Firewall) or IDS (Intrusion Detection System) as temporary mitigation measures until the patch is applied. Users are strongly advised to update their Firefox to the latest version to avoid potential exploitation of this vulnerability.

  • CVE-2025-6427: Bypassing `connect-src` Directive of Content Security Policy in Firefox

    Overview

    In the ongoing quest for secure online browsing, a new vulnerability has surfaced which presents a significant threat to internet users. The vulnerability, labeled as CVE-2025-6427, exploits a flaw in Firefox versions prior to 140, allowing an attacker to bypass the `connect-src` directive of a Content Security Policy (CSP).
    This vulnerability poses an immediate concern for businesses, developers, and individual users alike due to the potential system compromise and data leakage that can occur. As the majority of online users rely on internet browsers for daily operations, this vulnerability requires immediate attention and mitigation.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-6427
    Severity: Critical (9.1 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage.

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Firefox | < 140 How the Exploit Works

    The exploitation of CVE-2025-6427 involves an attacker manipulating subdocuments to bypass the `connect-src` directive of a Content Security Policy. This allows the attacker to make connections to unauthorized servers and hide these connections from the Network tab in Devtools. It essentially grants the attacker unrestricted access, thereby leading to possible system compromise and data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    An example of how this exploit might be conducted is shown below. Please note that this is a conceptual representation and does not represent a real-world exploit.

    let iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
    iframe.src = 'https://malicious-site.com/exploit.html';
    document.body.appendChild(iframe);
    iframe.contentWindow.postMessage('connect-src-bypass', '*');

    In the above example, an attacker creates an iframe that loads a malicious document from `https://malicious-site.com/exploit.html`. The iframe then posts a message that triggers the `connect-src` directive bypass, thereby allowing unauthorized connections to the malicious site.

    Mitigation

    The ideal solution to mitigate the risk of this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch provided by Firefox. Users are encouraged to upgrade their Firefox browser to version 140 or later, which contains the necessary fixes.
    As a temporary mitigation, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is recommended. While this does not completely resolve the vulnerability, it can significantly decrease the risk of a successful exploit.
    Remember, the first line of defense is always to keep software and systems up-to-date, following vendor recommendations and best practices in cybersecurity.

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