Author: Ameeba

  • CVE-2024-57190: Critical Incorrect Access Control Vulnerability in Erxes

    Overview

    This article discusses the CVE-2024-57190, a vulnerability discovered in versions of Erxes prior to 1.6.1. The vulnerability, classified as Incorrect Access Control, allows attackers to bypass authentication and potentially compromise the system or leak data. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it poses a significant threat to organizations using affected versions of Erxes. It’s therefore crucial to understand the vulnerability, its impact, and how to mitigate it.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2024-57190
    Severity: Critical (CVSS score: 9.8)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System Compromise and Data Leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Erxes | <1.6.1 How the Exploit Works

    The exploit takes advantage of an Incorrect Access Control vulnerability in Erxes. Specifically, an attacker can bypass the authentication mechanism by supplying a “User” HTTP header that contains any user. This allows the attacker to converse with any GraphQL endpoint, potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensitive information and system resources.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This HTTP request includes a “User” HTTP header that falsely represents the attacker as a valid user.

    GET /graphql-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
User: Attacker

    In this example, the “User” header contains “Attacker”, which allows the attacker to bypass the authentication mechanism and access the GraphQL endpoint.

    Mitigation

    The best way to address this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. Users should upgrade to Erxes version 1.6.1 or later. If for some reason upgrading isn’t immediately possible, a temporary mitigation measure could involve using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block any suspicious activities. However, this should be seen as a temporary solution, as it doesn’t address the root cause of the vulnerability.
    Organizations are strongly advised to follow a proactive approach to their cybersecurity strategy. Regularly updating and patching software can help prevent most common vulnerabilities.

  • CVE-2025-47110: High-Severity Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability in Adobe Commerce

    Overview

    Cybersecurity threats are an ever-present concern, especially for digital commerce platforms. A recent vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-47110 affects a wide range of Adobe Commerce versions and presents a significant risk to both users and administrators. This vulnerability is particularly problematic as it allows high privileged attackers to inject malicious scripts into vulnerable form fields, leading to the potential execution of harmful JavaScript when a victim accesses the compromised page.
    This vulnerability is a cause for concern because it impacts the security of data and systems associated with these versions of Adobe Commerce. The exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to system compromise or data leakage, highlighting the urgent need for mitigation strategies and solutions.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-47110
    Severity: Critical (CVSS score 9.1)
    Attack Vector: Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
    Privileges Required: High
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Adobe Commerce | 2.4.8, 2.4.7-p5, 2.4.6-p10, 2.4.5-p12, 2.4.4-p13 and earlier

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit takes advantage of a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability. A high privileged attacker can inject malicious scripts into form fields that are vulnerable. When a user interacts with the compromised form field on a webpage, the malicious JavaScript code is executed. The attacker can design the script to perform a variety of harmful actions, such as stealing user data, injecting malware, or gaining unauthorized system access.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s an example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

    POST /vulnerable/formfield HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"form_data": "<script>malicious_code_here</script>"
}

    In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable form field with a payload that contains malicious JavaScript code. When a user visits the page with the compromised form field, the browser unknowingly executes the embedded script, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.
    To protect your systems against this vulnerability, it’s imperative to apply vendor patches or use Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as temporary mitigation.

  • CVE-2025-43698: Critical Permissions Vulnerability in Salesforce OmniStudio

    Overview

    This blog post explores an alarming security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-43698 in Salesforce OmniStudio, specifically the FlexCards component. The vulnerability allows a malicious agent to bypass field level security controls for Salesforce objects, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This is a critical issue for businesses using Salesforce OmniStudio before Spring 2025, as the exploit could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data and system functionalities. Understanding the details of this vulnerability and applying appropriate mitigation measures are crucial to safeguarding the integrity and security of systems.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-43698
    Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 9.1)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Salesforce OmniStudio | Before Spring 2025

    How the Exploit Works

    The Improper Preservation of Permissions vulnerability (CVE-2025-43698) operates by exploiting the lax security controls in Salesforce OmniStudio FlexCards. The vulnerability allows an attacker to bypass field level security controls in Salesforce objects. This means that an attacker can manipulate, read, or delete data without the necessary permissions. Essentially, the exploit grants unauthorized access to system resources and sensitive data, posing a significant security risk.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this is a simplified representation and the actual exploit could be more complex.

    POST /salesforce/omnistudio/flexcards/ HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "salesforce_object": "sensitive_data",
"action": "read",
"security_bypass": "true"
}

    In this example, a malicious user sends a POST request to the FlexCards endpoint of the Salesforce OmniStudio application. They specify an action on a specific Salesforce object (“sensitive_data”) and set “security_bypass” to “true”, effectively bypassing the field level security controls.

    Mitigation Measures

    Salesforce has released a patch addressing this vulnerability. All users of Salesforce OmniStudio are strongly encouraged to update their systems to the latest version. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, users can apply temporary mitigation measures such as using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic, thereby detecting and preventing potential exploits.

  • CVE-2024-34711: Improper URI Validation Vulnerability in GeoServer

    Overview

    GeoServer, a highly popular open-source server that facilitates the sharing and editing of geospatial data, has been identified as containing a significant vulnerability, dubbed CVE-2024-34711. This vulnerability has been found to allow unauthorized attackers to execute an XML External Entities (XEE) attack, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.
    The impact of this vulnerability is severe, affecting a wide range of systems across different sectors due to the ubiquitous use of GeoServer in managing and manipulating geospatial data. It underscores the pressing need for robust security measures in managing and sharing geospatial data.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2024-34711
    Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.3)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GeoServer | 2.25.0 and greater

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability lies in GeoServer’s URI validation process. GeoServer uses the PreventLocalEntityResolver class from GeoTools to filter out malicious URIs in XML entities before resolving them. However, the regex used for this validation, (?i)(jar:file|http|vfs)[^?#;]*\.xsd, is flawed, allowing attackers to send GET requests to any HTTP server or limited file.
    An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to perform an XML External Entities (XEE) attack. This could potentially allow them to scan internal networks, gain information about them, and exploit any weaknesses they find.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP GET request:

    GET http://internal.network/vulnerable_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ELEMENT foo ANY >
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>

    In this example, the attacker is attempting to read a sensitive file from the server. The payload is sent as an XML entity, which if processed by an affected GeoServer instance, could lead to data leakage.

    Mitigation

    While there is no immediate remedy for this vulnerability, GeoServer users are advised to apply any available vendor patches as soon as they are released. As a temporary mitigation measure, users can also employ Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and prevent potential XEE attacks. Further, it is encouraged to review and strengthen network security policies and practices regularly.

  • CVE-2025-40585: Critical Default Credential Vulnerability in Energy Services G5DFR

    Overview

    The cybersecurity world has witnessed yet another significant vulnerability, this time in Energy Services’ G5DFR component. Identified as CVE-2025-40585, this vulnerability stems from the use of default credentials in all versions of Energy Services employing the G5DFR component. Given the widespread usage of Energy Services, this vulnerability poses a substantial risk, potentially leading to unauthorized system control and data leakage.
    The severity of this security loophole cannot be overstated. It warrants immediate attention and action from all organizations utilizing Energy Services to prevent potential system compromise, safeguarding their critical infrastructure and sensitive data.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-40585
    Severity: Critical (9.9 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise, data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Energy Services | All versions using G5DFR

    How the Exploit Works

    The exploit takes advantage of the default credentials used in the G5DFR component of Energy Services. An attacker, armed with knowledge of these default credentials, can gain unauthorized access to the G5DFR component and subsequently the systems it controls. This access allows the attacker to manipulate outputs from the device, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is not a specific exploit code, but a representation of the kind of HTTP request an attacker might use:

    POST /G5DFR/login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=default&password=default

    In this example, the attacker accesses the login endpoint for the G5DFR component, using the default credentials (“default” for both username and password in this case). Successful authentication gives the attacker control over the G5DFR component and its outputs.

    Mitigation

    To mitigate this vulnerability, the primary recommendation is to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as it becomes available. This patch will likely address the issue of default credentials, making unauthorized access more difficult.
    In cases where immediate patching is not feasible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can monitor for and block suspicious activities, such as multiple login attempts using default credentials. However, this is a temporary solution, and applying the vendor patch should be a priority.

  • CVE-2025-30220: High Severity XML External Entity (XXE) Vulnerability in GeoServer, GeoTools, and GeoNetwork

    Overview

    In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats, a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-30220, has surfaced, affecting users of the open-source GeoServer, GeoTools, and GeoNetwork platforms. As these platforms allow users to share, edit, and manage geospatial data, this vulnerability poses a significant risk to a multitude of organizations that rely on these systems to maintain their critical geospatial data.
    This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to its high severity, as indicated by the CVSS score of 9.9, and the potential for system compromise and data leakage. It underscores the need for ongoing vigilance and regular patch updates to ensure the integrity and security of systems and data.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-30220
    Severity: High (9.9)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    GeoServer | 2.27.0, 2.26.2, 2.25.6 and prior versions
    GeoTools | 33.0, 32.2, 31.6, 28.6.0 and prior versions
    GeoNetwork | 4.4.7, 4.2.12 and prior versions

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability arises from the GeoTools Schema class’s use of the Eclipse XSD library to represent schema data structure, which is susceptible to an XML External Entity (XXE) exploit. An XXE exploit allows an attacker to inject malicious XML code, leading to the disclosure of internal files, denial of service, and potential remote code execution.
    Specifically, the gt-xsd-core Schemas class does not use the EntityResolver provided by the ParserHandler, and gt-wfs-ng DataStore does not utilize the ENTITY_RESOLVER connection parameter as intended. This lack of proper entity resolution can lead to the processing of external XML entities, exposing the system to potential XXE attacks.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following conceptual example demonstrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

    <!DOCTYPE exploit [
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<request>
<element>&xxe;</element>
</request>

    In this example, the attacker sends a request containing a malicious XML document. The document defines an external entity `xxe` that references a sensitive file on the server. When the server processes this XML, it inadvertently includes the contents of the referenced file in its response, revealing potentially sensitive information to the attacker.

  • CVE-2025-42989: High-Risk Privilege Escalation Vulnerability in RFC Inbound Processing

    Overview

    The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently disclosed a critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-42989. This high-risk security flaw affects systems that utilize RFC inbound processing, potentially exposing them to unauthorized access and privilege escalation by malicious actors. Given the severe potential impact, including compromise of system integrity and potential data leakage, it is crucial for system administrators and cybersecurity professionals to understand this vulnerability and implement appropriate mitigation measures.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-42989
    Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.6)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Unauthorized escalation of privileges leading to potential system compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    RFC-enabled SAP Systems | All versions
    Linux Kernel | Versions prior to 5.10.30

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability resides in the inbound processing of RFC. The system fails to conduct the necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user. An attacker, with low-level access, could exploit this flaw by sending a specially crafted request to the system. On successful exploitation, the user could escalate their privileges, gaining unauthorized access to system resources and potentially compromising both the integrity and availability of the application.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is a hypothetical shell command that sends a malicious payload to the target system:

    $ echo '{
"user": "authenticated_user",
"command": "escalate_privilege"
}' | nc target.example.com 443

    In this case, the `authenticated_user` represents an attacker who has already gained low-level access to the system. The `escalate_privilege` command represents the attacker’s attempt to elevate their access rights.

    Impact and Mitigation

    Exploiting this vulnerability could allow an attacker to critically impact the integrity and availability of the application, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given its CVSS score of 9.6, this issue is considered a high-risk vulnerability.
    To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply vendor patches as soon as they become available. In the absence of a vendor patch, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as temporary mitigation measures. These systems can help detect and block malicious attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

    Conclusion

    The CVE-2025-42989 is a critical vulnerability that poses a substantial threat to systems employing RFC inbound processing. Timely application of vendor patches and implementation of robust detection systems are vital to preventing potential system compromise and data leakage. As cybersecurity professionals, staying vigilant and proactive in the face of such vulnerabilities is our best line of defense.

  • CVE-2025-49507: Critical Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability in LoftOcean’s CozyStay

    Overview

    The primary focus of this article is the critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-49507, which affects LoftOcean’s CozyStay. This vulnerability is caused by the deserialization of untrusted data which allows for an object injection. It’s a severe issue because it opens the door for potential system compromise and data leakage. Any organisation that uses CozyStay versions before 1.7.1 are vulnerable to this exploit and should take immediate action to prevent possible breaches.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-49507
    Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    LoftOcean CozyStay | Before 1.7.1

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability is due to insufficient sanitization of user-supplied data before deserialization. An attacker can exploit this by sending a specially crafted object which, when deserialized, can execute arbitrary code or modify the application’s behavior. This can lead to a complete compromise of the system.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker could send a malicious payload via a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint:

    POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_object": "{serialized_object}" }

    This `serialized_object` would be carefully crafted to cause the application to behave in a way beneficial to the attacker when it is deserialized – for example, by executing arbitrary code, bypassing authentication checks, or leaking sensitive data.

    Mitigation and Prevention

    The immediate mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch. LoftOcean has already released version 1.7.1 of CozyStay that addresses this vulnerability. If unable to apply the patch immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. However, these are not long-term solutions and can only reduce the risk of exploitation. It is strongly recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to effectively eliminate the vulnerability.

  • CVE-2025-49455: Critical Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability in LoftOcean TinySalt

    Overview

    The cybersecurity world has been alerted to a critical vulnerability labeled as CVE-2025-49455. This exploit is found within LoftOcean’s TinySalt software and involves a Deserialization of Untrusted Data issue. All versions of TinySalt up until 3.10.0 are affected, highlighting the severity and the widespread potential of this vulnerability.
    Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerabilities are of significant concern because they can lead to severe consequences when successfully exploited, including system compromise and data leakage. As such, it’s crucial for businesses and individuals using the affected versions of TinySalt to understand the risks involved and take immediate steps to mitigate them.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-49455
    Severity: Critical – CVSS 9.8
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    LoftOcean TinySalt | All versions before 3.10.0

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability works by exploiting the process of deserialization within the LoftOcean TinySalt software. Deserialization is the reverse process of turning data from a byte stream back into its original data format. If an attacker can manipulate the data that is being deserialized, they can inject malicious code that the application will then execute.
    In the case of CVE-2025-49455, the software does not adequately validate or sanitize the data before deserializing it. This allows an attacker to send specially crafted data to the application, leading to Object Injection.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. It involves sending a malicious JSON payload to a vulnerable endpoint within the application.

    POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"serialized_object": "rO0ABXNyABdqYXZhLnV0aWwucHJlZnMuUHJlZmVyZW5jZXMAAAAAAAAAAAECAAJJAAVpAAV0AAhzdHJpbmd4cAAAAAD/////",
"signature": "..."
}

    In this example, `serialized_object` is a malicious serialized object that, when deserialized by the application, leads to the execution of unintended code.
    To protect against this vulnerability, users are strongly advised to apply the latest vendor patches that fix this issue. If this is not immediately possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.

  • CVE-2025-30515: High-Risk Vulnerability in CyberData 011209 Intercom Systems

    Overview

    In this blog post, we will dive deep into a recently uncovered vulnerability in CyberData’s 011209 Intercom systems. This vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-30515, poses a severe risk to users due to its high CVSS severity score of 9.8. The flaw could allow an authenticated attacker to upload arbitrary files, potentially compromising the entire system or leading to data leaks. Given the widespread use of these intercom systems in businesses and residences alike, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability should be a top priority for network administrators, IT professionals, and all users of the affected products.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-30515
    Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: System compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    CyberData 011209 Intercom | All versions

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability in the CyberData 011209 Intercom system arises from its insecure file upload functionality. An authenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading arbitrary files to multiple locations within the system. This could allow the attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands, leading to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning as it only requires low privileges and user interaction, making it easier to exploit compared to others requiring higher privileges.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode represents a malicious HTTP request:

    POST /upload_file HTTP/1.1
Host: target.intercom.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data
{
"file": {
"name": "malicious_script.sh",
"content": "echo 'You are hacked!'"
}
}

    In this example, the attacker is attempting to upload a malicious shell script named “malicious_script.sh” which, when executed, can compromise the system.

    Mitigation Guidance

    Users of the affected CyberData 011209 Intercom systems are advised to apply the latest vendor patch as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. If a patch is not immediately available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These systems can help detect and block unauthorized file uploads, potentially preventing exploitation of this vulnerability.

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