Author: Ameeba

CVE-2025-59845: CSRF Vulnerability in Apollo Studio Embeddable Explorer & Embeddable Sandbox
Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently identified a significant security flaw in two key Apollo GraphQL products: Apollo Studio Embeddable Explorer and Embeddable Sandbox. This vulnerability, cataloged as CVE-2025-59845, has severe implications, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. It can affect any organization or individual who utilizes versions of these products prior to Apollo Sandbox version 2.7.2 and Apollo Explorer version 3.7.3. This exploit matters significantly due to the severity of its potential impact and the widespread use of the affected software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59845
Severity: High, with a CVSS score of 8.2
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apollo Sandbox | Prior to version 2.7.2
Apollo Explorer | Prior to version 3.7.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a lack of origin validation in the client-side code that handles window.postMessage events. In essence, a malicious website can send forged messages to the page embedding the Apollo software. This action triggers the victim’s browser to execute arbitrary GraphQL queries or mutations against their GraphQL server, using the victim’s cookies for authentication. The result is potential unauthorized access to sensitive data or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:
```
// attacker's site
window.open("https://target.com/embedded_apollo_page", "_blank", "height=600,width=800");
// a few seconds later...
window.postMessage({
type: "graphql_query",
query: "{ user { id, email, password } }",
}, "https://target.com");
```
This code opens the vulnerable page in a new window and then sends a malicious postMessage event with a GraphQL query designed to fetch sensitive user data.

Recommendations for Mitigation

Taking immediate action to mitigate this vulnerability is highly advised. The best course of action is to apply the vendor patch. Update to Apollo Sandbox version 2.7.2 and Apollo Explorer version 3.7.3, as these versions have patched this vulnerability. As a temporary mitigation, consider utilizing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block cross-site request forgery attempts.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-11130: Missing Authentication in iHongRen pptp-vpn Leading to Potential System Compromise or Data Leakage
Overview

In this article, we delve into a critical vulnerability identified in iHongRen pptp-vpn versions 1.0/1.0.1 on macOS. This vulnerability, tagged with the CVE identifier CVE-2025-11130, is notable for its potential to compromise systems or lead to data leakage. It exists within the XPC Service component, specifically the function shouldAcceptNewConnection in the file HelpTool/HelperTool.m. It is essential to be aware of this vulnerability as it can be exploited locally without any need for authentication, putting sensitive data and system integrity at risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11130
Severity: High (8.4 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

iHongRen pptp-vpn | 1.0/1.0.1

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability primarily revolves around missing authentication in the XPC Service component of iHongRen pptp-vpn. The weakness lies in the shouldAcceptNewConnection function in the file HelpTool/HelperTool.m. The lack of proper authentication checks allows an attacker with local access to manipulate the function, potentially leading to unauthorized access, system compromise, or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a simplified, conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is not actual exploit code but a representation to help understand the nature of the vulnerability:
```
# Assume the local attacker has access to the macOS terminal
# They might perform a manipulation like this:
$ curl -X POST \
http://localhost:port/shouldAcceptNewConnection \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-d '{
"newConnection": "True",
"user": "Attacker"
}'
```
In this conceptual example, the attacker sends a POST request to the shouldAcceptNewConnection function, providing their user credentials. Due to the missing authentication, the system accepts the new connection, granting the attacker unauthorized access.

Mitigation

While the vendor has not provided a response or patch for this vulnerability, there are ways to mitigate the risk. One method is to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block suspicious activities. However, these are temporary solutions, and it is recommended to consistently monitor for any patches or updates from the vendor. Regularly updating and patching software is a crucial part of maintaining a secure system.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-11123: Critical Remote Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Tenda AC18
Overview

A critical flaw has been identified in the Tenda AC18 wireless router, specifically in the 15.03.05.19 version. This vulnerability, registered as CVE-2025-11123, affects an unknown function of the file /goform/saveAutoQos and can be exploited remotely by attackers. Exhibiting a high CVSS severity score of 8.8, this vulnerability is a serious concern for users and organizations that utilize Tenda AC18 routers in their network infrastructure. This vulnerability warrants immediate attention due to its potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11123
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC18 | 15.03.05.19

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability allows an attacker to cause a stack-based buffer overflow through manipulation of the ‘enable’ argument in the /goform/saveAutoQos file. This overflow can potentially lead to an attacker executing arbitrary code on the system, thereby gaining unauthorized access. The attacker doesn’t require any user interaction or privileges to exploit this vulnerability, increasing the risk factor.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses an HTTP POST request to send a malicious payload to the vulnerable endpoint.
```
POST /goform/saveAutoQos HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "enable": "malicious_code_that_causes_buffer_overflow" }
```
In the above example, `malicious_code_that_causes_buffer_overflow` represents the payload that an attacker might use to trigger the buffer overflow vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users and administrators should immediately apply the patch provided by the vendor. If the patch is not available or cannot be applied immediately, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure to detect and prevent exploit attempts. Regular monitoring of system logs and network traffic can also aid in identifying potential attacks.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-11122: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Tenda AC18 15.03.05.19
Overview

The cybersecurity world has witnessed another significant vulnerability, this time affecting Tenda AC18 15.03.05.19. The flaw, officially termed as CVE-2025-11122, resides in an unknown function of the file /goform/WizardHandle. If maliciously exploited, it can lead to a stack-based buffer overflow, one of the most severe types of vulnerabilities. The exploit is now publicly available, making it a pressing issue for any entity using the affected product. This vulnerability matters because it can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, putting sensitive information at risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11122
Severity: Critical, CVSS Score 8.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC18 | 15.03.05.19

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a flaw in the handling of the WANT/mtuvalue argument in the /goform/WizardHandle file. An attacker can manipulate this argument, triggering a stack-based buffer overflow. This type of overflow allows the attacker to overwrite the program’s control flow, potentially leading to the execution of arbitrary code. The exploit can be launched remotely over a network, making it a serious threat.

Conceptual Example Code

A hypothetical exploitation of this vulnerability might look something like this:
```
POST /goform/WizardHandle HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
WANT=1&mtuvalue=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
```
In the above example, the “mtuvalue” argument is filled with an excessive amount of ‘A’ characters, causing a buffer overflow.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the risk posed by CVE-2025-11122, users of the affected product should immediately apply the vendor patch as soon as it’s available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These measures can help detect and block attempts to exploit the vulnerability, thus reducing its potential impact.
Remember, staying vigilant and keeping your systems updated is the best way to ensure your digital security.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-11126: Hard-Coded Credentials Vulnerability in Apeman ID71
Overview

CVE-2025-11126 represents a significant security flaw uncovered in the Apeman ID71 software. The vulnerability lies within an unknown code of the file /system/www/system.ini, and it leads to an exposure of hard-coded credentials. As it stands, the vulnerability can be exploited remotely, which makes it a threat with potentially far-reaching implications. The severity of this flaw is underscored by the vendor’s lack of response to early disclosure, and the fact that the exploit has already been released to the public.
This vulnerability is of particular concern due to its high severity score and potential for system compromise or data leakage. Any system running the Apeman ID71 software is at risk, highlighting the need for quick and decisive action to mitigate potential damage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11126
Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apeman ID71 | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of hard-coded credentials within a specific file (/system/www/system.ini) in the Apeman ID71 software. An attacker can remotely access these credentials, potentially gaining unauthorized access to the system. This access could allow the attacker to manipulate the system, compromise it, or extract sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request, similar to the following:
```
GET /system/www/system.ini HTTP/1.1
Host: 218.53.203.117
Authorization: Basic [Hard-coded credentials]
```
In this example, an attacker sends a GET request to the vulnerable endpoint (/system/www/system.ini). By including the hard-coded credentials in the ‘Authorization’ header of the request, the attacker could gain unauthorized access to the system.

Mitigation Guidance

As of now, the vendor has not provided a patch to this vulnerability. Therefore, system administrators are advised to implement Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as a temporary measure to mitigate the risk. However, these measures are not full-proof, and the best remedy would be for the vendor to provide a patch fixing the vulnerability. Until then, users are advised to remain vigilant and to monitor their systems for any signs of unauthorized access or unusual activity.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-11120: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Tenda AC8 16.03.34.06
Overview

The cybersecurity community has recently identified a critical vulnerability in Tenda AC8 16.03.34.06, a popular router firmware. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-11120, is a buffer overflow vulnerability that exists in the formSetServerConfig function of the SetServerConfig file. The severity of this vulnerability lies in the fact that it can be exploited remotely, enabling potential system compromise and data leakage. Given that the exploit has been made publicly available, it poses a significant risk to any system utilizing the affected version of Tenda AC8.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11120
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC8 | 16.03.34.06

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a buffer overflow vulnerability present in the formSetServerConfig function. By sending specially crafted packets to this function, an attacker can overflow the buffer, thereby leading to unexpected behaviors such as crashes, incorrect processing of data, or even the execution of arbitrary code. In the case of CVE-2025-11120, the latter scenario is possible, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. The attacker sends a POST request with a malicious payload designed to overflow the buffer.
```
POST /goform/SetServerConfig HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "formSetServerConfig": "A"*1024 }
```
In this example, the string “A”*1024 represents a large amount of data that is intended to overflow the buffer.

Mitigation Guidance

The best mitigation strategy for this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. In the event the patch cannot be immediately applied, a temporary mitigation option would be to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are only temporary solutions, and updating to the patched version as soon as possible is strongly advised.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-11117: Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Tenda CH22 1.0.0.1
Overview

In today’s world, cybersecurity is of paramount importance and vulnerabilities left unpatched can result in devastating consequences. One such vulnerability, CVE-2025-11117, has been identified in Tenda CH22 1.0.0.1. This is a high-risk vulnerability that affects the function formWrlExtraGet of the file /goform/GstDhcpSetSer. Exploiting this vulnerability could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the fact that it can be exploited remotely, posing a significant risk to any system running the affected software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11117
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda | CH22 1.0.0.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation of this vulnerability revolves around the manipulation of the argument ‘dips’ in the function formWrlExtraGet of the file /goform/GstDhcpSetSer. The vulnerability is triggered when overly large data is input into the ‘dips’ argument, causing a buffer overflow. Buffer overflow vulnerabilities occur when the volume of data exceeds the storage capacity of the buffer, causing the extra information to overflow into adjacent storage spaces. This can corrupt or overwrite the data stored in these spaces, causing erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, program termination or a breach of system security.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudo-code illustrates a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:
```
POST /goform/GstDhcpSetSer HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
dips=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...
```
In the above code, the ‘A’s represent an overly long string that is the input used to trigger the buffer overflow. This input would need to be crafted to suit the specific system being targeted.

Mitigation

The most effective way to protect against this vulnerability is to apply the latest patches and updates provided by the vendor. In the absence of a patch, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure by identifying and blocking malicious traffic. However, these are not foolproof and should not be relied upon as a long-term solution. It is also recommended to regularly monitor system logs for any suspicious activity.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-56383: DLL Hijacking Vulnerability in Notepad++ v8.8.3
Overview

In this blog post, we will delve into the details of the recently discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-56383. This security flaw is present in the popular text and source code editor, Notepad++ version 8.8.3, posing a serious threat to its users, and potentially leaving an open door for attackers to execute malicious code. The significance of this vulnerability cannot be overstressed as Notepad++ is widely used by many individuals and organizations for editing code, making it a high-value target for malicious actors.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-56383
Severity: High (CVSS 8.4)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Notepad++ | 8.8.3

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a DLL hijacking vulnerability in Notepad++ v8.8.3. DLL hijacking is a type of vulnerability that occurs when an application loads a Dynamic Link Library (DLL) without specifying a fully qualified path to its location. This vulnerability allows an attacker to replace the original DLL file with a malicious DLL. Once the malicious DLL is in place, the application will load and execute it, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.
In this specific case, the vulnerability only occurs when a user installs Notepad++ into a directory tree that allows write access by arbitrary unprivileged users. This is disputed by multiple parties as it requires user interaction and specific conditions to be met for the exploit to be successful.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the DLL hijacking might occur.
```
# Attacker places malicious DLL in the directory
cp malicious.dll /path/to/notepad++/directory/vulnerable.dll
# User runs Notepad++, loading the malicious DLL
/path/to/notepad++/notepad++.exe
```
Please note that this is a simplified example and actual exploitation would depend on various other factors such as the application’s permissions, system configurations, and the malicious DLL’s capabilities.
In conclusion, to mitigate this vulnerability, users are recommended to apply the vendor patch or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Always remember to validate the source and integrity of your software and keep your systems updated to protect against such vulnerabilities.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-59932: Unauthenticated POST and DELETE Requests Vulnerability in Flag Forge
Overview

Today, we delve into a significant vulnerability found in Flag Forge, a popular Capture The Flag (CTF) platform. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-59932, affects versions 2.0.0 to 2.3.0 of the software, potentially exposing unauthorized users to system resources. As a cybersecurity expert, it is imperative to understand the implications of such a vulnerability, given its potential to compromise systems or lead to data leakage.
The significance of this vulnerability lies in the fact that Flag Forge is extensively used by various organizations for cybersecurity training and competitions. Any security weakness in the platform could provide malicious users with an opportunity to manipulate the system or access sensitive information, thereby undermining the integrity and credibility of the platform.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59932
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 8.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Flag Forge | 2.0.0 to 2.3.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a flaw in the /api/resources endpoint of the Flag Forge platform. This endpoint was found to allow POST and DELETE requests without the need for proper authentication or authorization. Therefore, a malicious user could send unauthenticated POST or DELETE requests to this endpoint to create, modify, or delete resources on the platform.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how this vulnerability could be exploited. This is a sample HTTP POST request to the /api/resources endpoint:
```
POST /api/resources HTTP/1.1
Host: flagforge.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"resource_id": "123",
"resource_name": "Fake Resource",
"resource_data": "Malicious data..."
}
```
And here’s a sample HTTP DELETE request:
```
DELETE /api/resources/123 HTTP/1.1
Host: flagforge.example.com
```
Note that both requests are made without any form of authentication, yet they can potentially create or delete resources on the platform.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-provided patch by upgrading to Flag Forge version 2.3.1. For temporary mitigation, usage of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can help detect and block malicious requests targeting the vulnerable endpoint.
October 3, 2025
CVE-2025-11091: Remote Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Tenda AC21 Router
Overview

A significant security vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-11091, has recently been discovered in Tenda AC21 routers up to version 16.03.08.16. This vulnerability specifically affects the function ‘sscanf’ of the file ‘/goform/SetStaticRouteCfg’, leading to a buffer overflow. The flaw is of critical concern as it allows remote attackers to potentially compromise systems and leak sensitive data. Given the widespread use of Tenda AC21 routers, this vulnerability poses a substantial threat to both individual users and organizations alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11091
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS v3)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC21 | Up to 16.03.08.16

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper handling of arguments by the ‘sscanf’ function in the ‘/goform/SetStaticRouteCfg’ file. By manipulating the argument list, an attacker can trigger a buffer overflow condition. This overflow allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code, possibly leading to a complete system compromise or the leakage of sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted HTTP request, as illustrated in this conceptual example:
```
POST /goform/SetStaticRouteCfg HTTP/1.1
Host: target_router_ip
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
routeName=Default+Route&routeDest=0.0.0.0&routeMask=0.0.0.0&routeGateway=x.x.x.x&routeMetric=1&routeInf=br0%00{payload}
```
In this example, `{payload}` represents a maliciously crafted sequence of bytes designed to overflow the buffer and execute arbitrary code.

Recommended Mitigations

To protect against this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, users can mitigate the risk by implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
October 3, 2025