Author: Ameeba

Overview

A critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-6337, has been identified in TOTOLINK routers A3002R and A3002RU. This vulnerability affects an unknown function of the file /boafrm/formTmultiAP of the HTTP POST Request Handler component. Buffer overflow is triggered by the manipulation of the ‘submit-url’ argument which can potentially compromise the system or leak data. This vulnerability is particularly severe as it can be exploited remotely, and the exploit has already been disclosed to the public, increasing the risk of potential attacks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6337
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK A3002R | 3.0.0-B20230809.1615
TOTOLINK A3002RU | 4.0.0-B20230531.1404

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the HTTP POST Request Handler component of the TOTOLINK routers. Specifically, an unknown function in the /boafrm/formTmultiAP file. The exploit occurs when a malicious actor manipulates the ‘submit-url’ argument in an HTTP POST request. This manipulation triggers a buffer overflow, which can lead to arbitrary code execution. This means that the attacker can run their own commands on the compromised device, potentially gaining full control over the system or leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP POST request that manipulates the ‘submit-url’ argument.

POST /boafrm/formTmultiAP HTTP/1.1
Host: target_router_ip
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... [and so on]

In this example, the ‘submit-url’ argument is filled with a long string of ‘A’ characters, causing a buffer overflow. This is only a conceptual example and the actual exploit may involve more complex and specific payloads.

Mitigation

The immediate recommended mitigation is to apply the vendor-provided patch. In cases where the patch cannot be applied immediately, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation. However, these should not be considered long-term solutions as they may not fully protect against all potential exploits of this vulnerability.

Overview

The cybersecurity community has identified an alarming vulnerability in the TOTOLINK EX1200T router. The flaw resides in the 4.1.2cu.5232_B20210713 version of this router and has been classified as critical due to its potential to compromise systems or lead to data leakage. The vulnerability affects an unknown function of the HTTP POST Request Handler within the file /boafrm/formTmultiAP. Attackers can exploit this flaw remotely, which significantly increases its potential reach and impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6336
Severity: Critical (CVSS 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TOTOLINK EX1200T | 4.1.2cu.5232_B20210713

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the manipulation of the ‘submit-url’ argument. Specifically, an attacker can send a specially crafted HTTP POST request to the ‘/boafrm/formTmultiAP’ endpoint. The malicious request causes a buffer overflow in the target system. Since the HTTP POST Request Handler does not properly validate the ‘submit-url’ parameter, it can lead to an overflow of the buffer, which can subsequently cause a system crash or allow arbitrary code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this is a hypothetical example and does not contain actual malicious code.

POST /boafrm/formTmultiAP HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
submit-url=<malicious_payload>

In the above example, “ represents a string of characters crafted to overflow the buffer.

Mitigation

Currently, the best course of action for affected users is to apply the vendor-provided patch. For additional protection or in cases where applying the patch is not immediately possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by monitoring the network for signs of this exploit. Regularly updating and patching software can also help prevent the exploitation of this and other vulnerabilities.

Overview

In the ever-evolving world of cybersecurity, a new vulnerability has been discovered that puts users of the COROS PACE 3 at risk. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-48706, could potentially allow an attacker to compromise the system or leak sensitive data. It is significantly critical due to the high CVSS Severity Score of 9.1, indicating a major potential impact on the affected device.
The vulnerability is embedded in COROS PACE 3 through 3.0808.0, making all users of these versions potential targets. The risk stems from an out-of-bounds read vulnerability, which, when exploited, forces the device to reboot. This eventuality matters because it could lead to data loss, interruptions in service, and potential system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48706
Severity: Critical (CVSS score 9.1)
Attack Vector: Network via BLE message
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System reboot leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

COROS PACE 3 | Up to 3.0808.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an out-of-bounds read vulnerability in the COROS PACE 3. An attacker can send a specially crafted Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) message to the device. This message triggers the vulnerability, causing the device to access memory outside of its intended boundary, leading to a forced reboot. The reboot may disrupt the system’s operations and could potentially allow an attacker to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Although we won’t provide a specific exploit code for ethical reasons, a conceptual example would involve an attacker crafting a malicious BLE packet. This packet would include data that causes the device to read beyond its memory boundary. Below is a simplified pseudo-code representation:

# Pseudo code for a malicious BLE packet
class BLEPacket:
def __init__(self, payload):
self.payload = payload
malicious_payload = bytes([0x00]*1001)  # The device can only safely handle 1000 bytes
packet = BLEPacket(malicious_payload)
device.send(packet)

In the above pseudo-code, the attacker creates a malicious `BLEPacket` with a payload that exceeds the device’s memory boundary, causing an out-of-bounds read and forcing a system reboot.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently identified an alarming vulnerability, CVE-2025-32880, affecting COROS PACE 3 devices. This vulnerability exposes the devices to potential system compromise and data leakage due to the use of unencrypted communication during the firmware file download process. As a result, cyber threats such as sniffing and machine-in-the-middle attacks become a real and present danger for users of these devices. Given the increasing reliance on smart devices in our day-to-day lives, such vulnerabilities can have far-reaching consequences, impacting user privacy, data integrity, and overall system security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32880
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

COROS PACE 3 | Up to 3.0808.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the COROS PACE 3 device’s implementation of a function to connect to a WLAN. When the device is connected to a WLAN, it initiates the download of firmware files via HTTP. However, this communication is not encrypted, leaving it exposed to malicious third-party actors. These threat actors can exploit the lack of encryption to launch sniffing or machine-in-the-middle attacks, potentially intercepting, modifying, or injecting malicious payloads into the data being transmitted. This could lead to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of the vulnerability, an attacker could potentially exploit it by sniffing the network traffic between the COROS PACE 3 device and the server. Here is a conceptual example of how this might occur using a simple packet capture tool:

tcpdump -i eth0 'port http' -v

In this example, the attacker uses tcpdump to monitor all HTTP traffic on the network interface ‘eth0’. This allows them to capture and analyze unencrypted firmware file downloads from the vulnerable device.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-32875, has been discovered in the COROS Android application up to version 3.8.12. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to its potentially broad impact, affecting all users of the application who use Bluetooth pairing. As a result, any data sent via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) remains unencrypted, leaving it open to eavesdropping and potential misuse by attackers within Bluetooth range.
This vulnerability is significant since it exposes sensitive user data to potential compromise. The failure of the application to enforce Bluetooth pairing and bonding, coupled with the lack of encryption for data transmitted via BLE, presents a notable risk to user privacy and data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32875
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network (Bluetooth)
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

COROS App for Android | Up to 3.8.12

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the COROS application’s failure to initiate and enforce Bluetooth pairing and bonding. Consequently, data transmitted via BLE remains unencrypted. If a user manually initiates pairing and bonding through Android settings, the application continues to transmit data without requiring the watch to be bonded. This behavior allows attackers to eavesdrop on the communication and potentially exploit it, even conducting a machine-in-the-middle attack.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode represents a simplified concept of how an attacker can eavesdrop on the unencrypted Bluetooth communication between the COROS application and the watch.

def eavesdrop_bluetooth_communication(target_device):
connect_to_target(target_device)
while True:
data = receive_data_from_target(target_device)
if data:
print("Received data: ", data)

In this conceptual example, the attacker creates a function to connect to the target device and continually receive unencrypted data. Please note, this is a simplified representation of how the vulnerability might be exploited and actual exploitation may require more complex steps and a deep understanding of Bluetooth communication protocols and security.

Overview

This blog post will discuss a critical vulnerability discovered in COROS PACE 3 devices, specifically affecting versions up to 3.0808.0. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-32878, presents a significant risk due to its potential to compromise systems and leak sensitive data. As COROS PACE 3 devices are widely used in various sectors, the impact of this vulnerability is widespread, affecting individual users, organizations, and even industries at large. The severity of this issue necessitates immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32878
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

COROS PACE 3 | Up to 3.0808.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the COROS PACE 3 devices’ firmware download function, which connects the watch to a WLAN. Before downloading firmware files, the watch requests information about the firmware via HTTPS from the back-end API. However, the X.509 server certificate within the TLS handshake is not validated by the device. This leaves room for an attacker, who is in an active machine-in-the-middle position using a TLS proxy and a self-signed certificate, to eavesdrop and manipulate the HTTPS communication. Consequently, the attacker can potentially steal the API access token of the assigned user account.

Conceptual Example Code

In essence, the attacker intercepts the communication between the device and server. A conceptual example could be depicted by the following pseudocode:

// Interception of communication
ATTACKER_MACHINE -> DEVICE:
START TLS HANDSHAKE
DEVICE -> ATTACKER_MACHINE:
SEND CLIENT HELLO
ATTACKER_MACHINE -> DEVICE:
SEND SERVER HELLO, CERTIFICATE (Self-Signed), SERVER HELLO DONE
DEVICE -> ATTACKER_MACHINE:
CLIENT KEY EXCHANGE, CHANGE CIPHER SPEC, ENCRYPTED HANDSHAKE MESSAGE
ATTACKER_MACHINE -> DEVICE:
CHANGE CIPHER SPEC, ENCRYPTED HANDSHAKE MESSAGE
// Communication manipulation
ATTACKER_MACHINE -> BACKEND_API:
GET /firmware/info HTTP/1.1
Authorization: Bearer <API access token>
BACKEND_API -> ATTACKER_MACHINE:
{ "firmware": { "version": "3.0808.0", "url": "..." } }
ATTACKER_MACHINE -> DEVICE:
{ "firmware": { "version": "3.0808.0", "url": "<malicious URL>" } }

This pseudocode demonstrates how the attacker intercepts the TLS handshake, manipulates the HTTPS communication, steals the API token, and potentially redirects the device to download malicious firmware.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving with new vulnerabilities being discovered in various systems and devices on an almost daily basis. One such vulnerability that has come to light recently is CVE-2025-32877, a critical security flaw identified in COROS PACE 3 devices. This vulnerability affects devices through version 3.0808.0 and can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of these devices and the severity of the potential impact, this vulnerability presents a significant risk that needs to be urgently addressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32877
Severity: Critical (CVSS:9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

COROS PACE 3 | Up to 3.0808.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the way COROS PACE 3 devices identify themselves as devices without input or output capabilities. This results in the use of the Just Works pairing method which does not implement any form of authentication. This lack of authentication allows attackers to carry out machine-in-the-middle attacks, intercepting and possibly altering the communication between the device and the network it’s connected to. Furthermore, this flaw allows attackers to interact with the device via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) without requiring prior authorization, potentially leading to unauthorized access and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specifics of exploiting this vulnerability would vary based on the attacker’s approach and the specific network environment, a conceptual example might look something like this:

# An attacker could use a Python script to scan for vulnerable devices
import bluetooth
target_name = "COROS PACE 3"
target_address = None
nearby_devices = bluetooth.discover_devices()
for bdaddr in nearby_devices:
if target_name == bluetooth.lookup_name( bdaddr ):
target_address = bdaddr
break
if target_address is not None:
print(f"Found target Bluetooth device with address {target_address}")
else:
print("Could not find target Bluetooth device nearby")

This example simply scans for the vulnerable device. An actual exploit would require additional code to interact with the device and manipulate its data or functionality.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. In situations where applying the patch is not immediately feasible, use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can monitor and potentially block suspicious activity, providing a layer of protection until the patch can be applied.

Overview

CVE-2025-6334 is a critical vulnerability discovered in the D-Link DIR-867 1.0 router. This flaw has the potential to compromise systems, leading to possible data leakage. The vulnerability lies in the strncpy function of the Query String Handler component of the D-Link DIR-867 1.0 router. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and is of a critical nature, due to the potential for remote execution. This vulnerability only affects this specific product, which is no longer supported by the vendor, increasing the level of risk involved.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6334
Severity: Critical (8.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-867 | 1.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability comes into play in the strncpy function of the Query String Handler component of the D-Link DIR-867 1.0 router. The manipulation of this function leads to a stack-based buffer overflow. An attacker can remotely exploit this vulnerability to run arbitrary code on the compromised system, leading to a complete system compromise or potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following conceptual code represents how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a malicious payload sent via an HTTP POST request to the vulnerable endpoint on the router:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.router.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"malicious_payload": "strncpy(buffer, overly_long_string, size_of_buffer);"
}

In this payload, the “overly_long_string” would be replaced with an actual string that is longer than the “size_of_buffer”. This would trigger the buffer overflow, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.
Please note that this is a conceptual representation and the actual exploit may vary based on the specific conditions of the target network, the configuration of the affected device, and the intent of the attacker.

Mitigation

Given that the product is no longer supported by the vendor, applying a vendor patch is not possible. As a temporary mitigation, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS). These systems can help detect and possibly prevent the exploitation of this vulnerability. It is, however, recommended to replace the unsupported device with a supported one as soon as possible for a more permanent solution.

Overview

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-6328, has been discovered in the D-Link DIR-815 router version 1.01. This vulnerability has been identified as a stack-based buffer overflow, which can be exploited remotely, potentially leading to a system compromise or data leakage. Being a widely used router, this vulnerability poses a significant threat to many users and organizations that rely on the D-Link DIR-815 for their network connectivity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6328
Severity: Critical; CVSS Score 8.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-815 | 1.01

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability stems from a flaw within the sub_403794 function of the hedwig.cgi file in D-Link DIR-815 version 1.01. By manipulating this function, an attacker can cause a stack-based buffer overflow, which is a more dangerous class of buffer overflow attacks that can overwrite the control data of a function. This could lead to the execution of arbitrary code, potentially allowing an attacker to gain control over the system. A successful exploit would be initiated remotely, requiring no user interaction or elevated privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

While an exact exploitation method has not been disclosed, a conceptual example of exploitation might involve sending a specially crafted HTTP request to the vulnerable router. This could look something like:

POST /hedwig.cgi HTTP/1.1
Host: <target router IP>
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
data=<overly long string causing stack overflow>

In this hypothetical exploit, an attacker would send an overly long string as the ‘data’ parameter to the hedwig.cgi file. This could cause the buffer to overflow, potentially allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code or initiate other malicious activities.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly advised to apply the patch released by D-Link as soon as possible. In the meantime, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation method for this vulnerability. These systems can provide some degree of protection by detecting and blocking suspicious activities and traffic patterns. However, they are not foolproof and cannot completely eliminate the risk posed by this vulnerability. Therefore, the application of the vendor patch should be prioritized to ensure maximum security.

Overview

An alarming cybersecurity vulnerability, identified as CVE-2024-53298, has been detected in Dell’s PowerScale OneFS versions 9.5.0.0 through 9.10.0.1. This vulnerability involves missing authorization in the NFS export, which is a critical component of a system’s file sharing capabilities. By exploiting this vulnerability, an unauthenticated attacker with remote access could gain unauthorized access to the filesystem. The potential consequences of such unauthorized access are severe, including reading, modifying, and deleting arbitrary files. This issue is considered critical as it can lead to full system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-53298
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized filesystem access, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Dell PowerScale OneFS | 9.5.0.0 – 9.10.0.1

How the Exploit Works

This critical vulnerability stems from missing authorization checks in the Network File System (NFS) export of the affected versions of Dell PowerScale OneFS. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted requests to the NFS export. Since the system does not properly validate these requests, an attacker can gain unauthorized access to the filesystem. This could potentially allow the attacker to read, modify, or delete arbitrary files, leading to data leakage or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

# Attacker mounts the NFS export on their system
mount -t nfs target.example.com:/path/to/vulnerable/export /mnt/target
# Attacker now has unauthorized access to the filesystem and can read, modify, or delete files
cat /mnt/target/sensitive_file.txt
echo "malicious_content" > /mnt/target/sensitive_file.txt
rm /mnt/target/important_file.txt

This conceptual example is meant to illustrate the potential severity of the vulnerability and does not represent an actual exploit.

Mitigation Guidance

Dell recommends customers to upgrade their PowerScale OneFS to a version that addresses this vulnerability at the earliest opportunity. As a temporary mitigation, users can also employ Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to monitor and block potential exploit attempts. However, these are only temporary solutions and may not fully prevent exploitation. It is therefore crucial to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available.