Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity world is rife with threats, and one such vulnerability that has recently rocked the scene is CVE-2025-43983. This vulnerability is present in KuWFi CPF908-CP5 WEB5.0_LCD_20210125 devices, making them susceptible to unauthenticated access. This vulnerability is not only a threat to the security of these devices, but it also poses a significant risk to the data and information stored within. The devices become an easy target for attackers who can retrieve sensitive information, modify device settings and send arbitrary SMS messages without any authentication. This vulnerability is of particular concern to organizations that rely heavily on these devices, as it can lead to severe data leakage and potential system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-43983
Severity: Critical (9.1 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive information, ability to modify critical device settings, and send arbitrary SMS messages

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

KuWFi CPF908-CP5 WEB5.0_LCD_20210125 | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits lack of proper authentication in the goform/goform_set_cmd_process and goform/goform_get_cmd_process within the KuWFi CPF908-CP5 devices. This allows an attacker to bypass the authentication process and gain unauthorized access to the device’s control and settings. Once access is gained, the attacker can retrieve sensitive information, including the device admin username and password. Furthermore, they can modify critical device settings and even send arbitrary SMS messages, all without any user interaction.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example that illustrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This example uses a simple HTTP GET request to the vulnerable endpoint.

GET /goform/goform_get_cmd_process HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-device.com

The server would then respond with sensitive information (including the device admin username and password) in clear text, giving the attacker full access to the device and its settings.

Countermeasures and Mitigation

The most effective mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. Until then, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to detect and block rogue requests to the vulnerable endpoints, thus limiting the potential damage an attacker can inflict.
In conclusion, CVE-2025-43983 is a highly critical vulnerability that can lead to serious security breaches if not properly addressed. It is crucial for organizations using these devices to implement the recommended mitigation strategies and to stay vigilant about future updates from the vendor.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is witnessing a new vulnerability that poses a significant threat to the data integrity and system security of numerous devices and applications. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-50518, affects the libcoap library, widely used in embedded systems and IoT devices for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). This vulnerability can lead to severe outcomes, including potential system compromise and data leakage. Given the ubiquitous use of libcoap in a range of devices, the implications of this vulnerability are far-reaching and demand immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-50518
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

libcoap | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a use-after-free vulnerability in the coap_delete_pdu_lkd function within the coap_pdu.c file of the libcoap library. This vulnerability arises due to the improper handling of memory after the freeing of a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) object.
An attacker can manipulate this vulnerability by creating a malicious payload that causes the system to access the free memory space associated with the PDU object. This action can lead to memory corruption or even the execution of arbitrary code, paving the way for a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. It’s important to note that this is a conceptual example and not actual exploit code.

#include <coap.h>
...
coap_pdu_t *pdu;
pdu = coap_new_pdu(session);
...
// Malicious function that exploits the use-after-free vulnerability
void exploit(coap_pdu_t *pdu) {
coap_delete_pdu(session, pdu); // Free the pdu
// Perform an operation on the freed pdu, causing use-after-free
unsigned char *data = pdu->data;
}
...
exploit(pdu);

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible for the most effective mitigation. In the interim, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. These tools can help detect and prevent attempts to exploit the vulnerability. However, these are not foolproof solutions and do not substitute the need for applying the vendor patch.

Overview

CVE-2025-27845 is a critical security vulnerability that affects ESPEC North America Web Controller 3 versions before 3.3.4. The vulnerability stems from an invalid authentication request to the /api/v4/auth/ endpoint, which leads to the exposure of a JSON Web Token (JWT) secret. This flaw can grant malicious actors elevated permissions to the user interface of the affected system. Given the ubiquity of the ESPEC North America Web Controller in numerous industries, this vulnerability has the potential to affect a broad range of systems, potentially leading to significant data leakage or even full system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-27845
Severity: Critical, CVSS score of 9.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Exposure of sensitive information, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ESPEC North America Web Controller | Versions before 3.3.4

How the Exploit Works

The exploit hinges on the improper handling of invalid authentication requests in the /api/v4/auth/ endpoint of the ESPEC North America Web Controller. A malformed or invalid request, instead of being rejected or ignored, triggers the exposure of a JWT secret. This secret can then be used by an attacker to gain elevated permissions to the user interface, potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensitive data or control over the system itself.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

POST /api/v4/auth/ HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "username": "invalid", "password": "invalid" }

In this example, the attacker sends an invalid authentication request to the /api/v4/auth/ endpoint. The application responds by unintentionally exposing the JWT secret, which can then be used to gain elevated permissions.

Mitigation

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch, which corrects the improper handling of invalid authentication requests. If a patch cannot be immediately applied, temporary mitigation can be achieved through the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) configured to detect and block invalid authentication attempts to the /api/v4/auth/ endpoint.