Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is an ever-evolving one with new vulnerabilities being discovered daily. The vulnerability we are focusing on for our blog post today is CVE-2025-6895, which exposes a critical security flaw in the Melapress Login Security Plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability is of high concern due to the wide use of WordPress and its plugins, making it a potential target for cybercriminals worldwide.
The Melapress Login Security plugin, a widely used security solution for WordPress sites, has been found to have an Authentication Bypass vulnerability. The severity of this vulnerability is particularly high because it allows an unauthenticated attacker with knowledge of an arbitrary user meta value to bypass authentication checks and log in as that user, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6895
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Melapress Login Security Plugin for WordPress | 2.1.0 to 2.1.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the get_valid_user_based_on_token() function of the Melapress Login Security plugin. This function is missing an authorization check which would typically verify the authenticity of the user trying to log in. In absence of this check, an attacker can use a known user meta value to trick the function into verifying them as a valid user, thereby granting them unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1
Host: targetsite.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
log=known_meta_value&pwd=&wp-submit=Log+In

In this example, the attacker sends a HTTP POST request to the WordPress login page, using a known user meta value as the login (log). As the plugin fails to properly validate the user based on the provided meta value, it grants the attacker access to the user’s account.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of the Melapress Login Security Plugin for WordPress should apply the vendor’s patch immediately. If unable to do so, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure until the patch can be applied.

Overview

The CVE-2025-46199 is a severe vulnerability that has been identified in Grav, a popular open-source modern Content Management System (CMS). This vulnerability is a type of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack, which allows an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code via crafted scripts in the form fields of the CMS. Given the widespread use of Grav for building and managing websites, this vulnerability, if left unpatched, can affect a large number of users and organizations, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46199
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Grav | v.1.7.48 and before

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by injecting malicious scripts into the form fields of Grav. These scripts can then be executed in the browser of a user viewing the form, potentially leading to unauthorized access, system compromise, or data leakage. The attacker does not require any special privileges to exploit this vulnerability, and the attack can be carried out over the network.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of a crafted HTTP POST request that could potentially exploit this vulnerability:

POST /grav/form HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
form_field=<img src='x' onerror='alert(document.cookie)'>

In this example, the attacker attempts to inject a script (“``”) into the form field. This script is designed to trigger an error, causing the ‘onerror’ event handler to execute and display an alert with the user’s cookies. This is a simple example, but in a real attack scenario, the script could contain commands to steal sensitive information or even gain control over the system.

How to Mitigate

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor-provided patch to fix this vulnerability. If a patch is not yet available or cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These tools can help detect and block potential XSS attacks. However, they should not be seen as a long-term solution, as they may not be able to block all possible attack vectors.

Overview

CVE-2025-29631 is a critical vulnerability that affects Gardyn 4, enabling remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on the victim’s system. Given its severity and potential impact, it is crucial that users understand this vulnerability, the risks associated, and the remediation strategies.
This vulnerability holds significant implications as it allows a malicious actor to potentially compromise systems or lead to data leakage. Gardyn 4 users and organizations using this software must be vigilant and apply the necessary patches or mitigation strategies to prevent a potential breach.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29631
Severity: Critical, CVSS Score of 9.8
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Gardyn 4 | All versions up to current

How the Exploit Works

The exact technical details of how the exploit works are not disclosed due to security reasons. However, in general, the exploit involves sending specially crafted data packets over the network to the Gardyn 4 system. The vulnerability lies in the system’s inability to properly handle these packets, which leads to a buffer overflow condition. This can then be manipulated to execute arbitrary code on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a simple HTTP request that sends malicious payload to the vulnerable endpoint:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "<INSERT MALICIOUS CODE HERE>" }

This example is oversimplified and actual attacks would involve more sophisticated methods to exploit the vulnerability and execute the arbitrary code.

Mitigation and Patch Information

The vendor has released a patch for Gardyn 4 that addresses this vulnerability. Users are strongly advised to apply this patch immediately. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation.
In conclusion, CVE-2025-29631 is a critical vulnerability that requires immediate attention due to its potential to compromise systems and leak data. Stay vigilant and ensure that your systems are always up to date with the latest security patches and mitigation strategies.

Overview

A critical vulnerability known as CVE-2025-8160 has been recently discovered in Tenda AC20 devices up to version 16.03.08.12. This vulnerability originates from an unknown function of the file /goform/SetSysTimeCfg of the httpd component. The manipulation of the ‘timeZone’ argument leads to a buffer overflow, which can potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage. Given the widespread use of these devices, this vulnerability poses a significant threat to both businesses and individual users. It is crucial to address this vulnerability promptly to prevent potential attacks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8160
Severity: Critical – CVSS Score 8.8
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC20 | Up to 16.03.08.12

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the httpd component of the Tenda AC20 device. An attacker can remotely manipulate the ‘timeZone’ argument in the /goform/SetSysTimeCfg file to overflow the buffer, which can lead to arbitrary code execution. This can potentially compromise the system, giving the attacker unauthorized access to sensitive data or control over the device.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. The attacker sends a malicious HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint with an excessively long ‘timeZone’ argument.

POST /goform/SetSysTimeCfg HTTP/1.1
Host: target-device-ip
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
timeZone=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...

In the above example, the ‘timeZone’ argument is filled with an excessively long string of ‘A’ characters, which is used to illustrate the concept of overflowing the buffer.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of affected Tenda AC20 devices are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. These measures can detect and block attempts to exploit the vulnerability. However, they should not be considered a long-term solution as the vulnerability still exists in the system.
Always remember, maintaining an up-to-date system is one of the most effective defenses against cybersecurity threats. Regularly patching and updating your systems can protect you from known vulnerabilities and exploits.

Overview

In the digital world of today, vulnerabilities can be a gateway for hackers to infiltrate systems, manipulate data, and cause widespread damage. One such vulnerability has been discovered in the D-Link DIR-513 1.0, a popular networking device. The vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2025-8159, poses a serious threat due to its ability to be exploited remotely and its potential to compromise the entire system or leak data.
The vulnerability affects the HTTP POST Request Handler component, specifically the function formLanguageChange. It has been rated as critical and can be exploited by manipulating the ‘curTime’ argument, leading to a stack-based buffer overflow, a common type of security issue where improper handling of memory can lead to arbitrary code execution or crash the system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8159
Severity: Critical (CVSS 8.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DIR-513 | 1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by sending a specially crafted HTTP POST request to the “/goform/formLanguageChange” endpoint of the affected device. The ‘curTime’ argument is manipulated with excessive data, causing a buffer overflow in the system stack. This overflow can potentially overwrite important system data or even execute arbitrary code, leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

This conceptual example demonstrates how a malicious HTTP POST request could potentially start the exploit process. It’s important to note that this is for educational purposes only and is not representative of an actual exploit code.

POST /goform/formLanguageChange HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
curTime=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA...

In this example, the value of ‘curTime’ is filled with an excessive amount of data, which the system fails to handle properly, causing a buffer overflow.

Recommended Mitigation

The manufacturer no longer supports the affected product, thus no official patch is available. However, users can mitigate this vulnerability by employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that can detect and prevent such buffer overflow attacks. Users are also advised to replace their devices with newer, supported models that are regularly updated to patch potential vulnerabilities.

Overview

The CVE-2025-8030 vulnerability is a serious cybersecurity threat that impacts multiple versions of Firefox and Thunderbird. The issue lies in the insufficient escaping in the “Copy as cURL” feature which, if exploited, could trick users into executing unexpected malicious code. With a CVSS Severity Score of 8.1, this vulnerability is of high concern and primarily affects user systems running outdated Firefox and Thunderbird versions.
The security implications of this flaw are far-reaching. If successfully exploited, an attacker could potentially compromise the user’s system or leak sensitive data. Therefore, understanding this vulnerability, who it affects, and how to mitigate it, is of paramount importance for both individual users and organizations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8030
Severity: High (CVSS: 8.1)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 141 Firefox ESR | < 128.13, < 140.1 Thunderbird | < 141 Thunderbird ESR | < 128.13, < 140.1 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is based on the insufficient escaping in the “Copy as cURL” feature. When a user copies a cURL command, the attacker manipulates the command such that it contains unexpected malicious code. If the user pastes and runs this manipulated cURL command in their terminal, the malicious code gets executed, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this case, it involves a HTTP request with a malicious payload:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/curl
{ "malicious_payload": "rm -rf /*" }

In this example, the “malicious_payload” value is a destructive Unix command that deletes all files in the system. While this is a conceptual example and not a real-world scenario, it illustrates the potential severity of the vulnerability. As always, such commands should never be executed, especially not on production systems.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-52360 is a critical cybersecurity flaw affecting the Koha Library Management System, particularly its v24.05 version. This vulnerability pertains to a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) issue residing in the OPAC search feature of the system. An XSS vulnerability is particularly dangerous as it allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by users, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This flaw can have significant impacts on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the affected systems and the valuable data they handle.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52360
Severity: High (8.8 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Koha Library Management System | v24.05

How the Exploit Works

The XSS vulnerability exists in the OPAC search feature of the Koha Library Management System. It occurs due to the system’s failure to sanitize user input in the search field properly. This flawed security measure allows the unsanitized input to be reflected in the search history interface. Consequently, when a user interacts with the interface, it can lead to the execution of arbitrary JavaScript within the user’s browser context. This execution could result in unauthorized access, data theft, or even a total system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious JavaScript payload:

GET /opac-search.pl?q=<script>malicious_code_here</script> HTTP/1.1
Host: target.library.com

In this example, `` would be replaced with the attacker’s malicious JavaScript. The server would then reflect this script back in the search results page, executing the malicious script in the browser of any user viewing the page.

Mitigation and Prevention

Users of the affected Koha Library Management System are urged to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these should not be considered long-term solutions, as they may not fully protect against the vulnerability. Regularly updating and patching software is key to maintaining a strong defense against potential cyber threats.

Overview

CVE-2025-8029 is a severe vulnerability that impacts multiple versions of Firefox and Thunderbird. This flaw arises from the way these systems handle `javascript:` URLs when they are embedded in `object` and `embed` tags, leading to inadvertent code execution. Due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage, this vulnerability poses a significant threat to both individual users and organizations. It is, therefore, imperative to understand this vulnerability, its impact, and the necessary measures for its mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8029
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 141 Firefox ESR | < 128.13, < 140.1 Thunderbird | < 141, < 128.13, < 140.1 How the Exploit Works

This specific vulnerability exploits a flaw in how Thunderbird and Firefox interpret `javascript:` URLs within `object` and `embed` tags. When a user interacts with a malicious object or embed, the browser or email client may mistakenly execute the JavaScript code, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data leakage, or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This HTML snippet contains a malicious `object` tag with a `javascript:` URL.

<object data="javascript:malicious_code()">
Click me!
</object>

When this is embedded in a webpage or email and a user interacts with it, the `malicious_code()` function would be executed, potentially leading to the exploitation of the CVE-2025-8029 vulnerability.

Mitigation and Remediation

The most effective way to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. This patch updates the affected software versions to fix the flaw in handling `javascript:` URLs within `object` and `embed` tags.
For immediate temporary mitigation, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability, providing a layer of defense until the patches can be applied.
However, these temporary mitigations should not replace applying the vendor patch, which is the most reliable solution to this vulnerability.

Overview

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cybersecurity, vulnerabilities often emerge that can potentially compromise data and systems. One such vulnerability that has recently come to light is CVE-2025-7692. This vulnerability affects the Orion Login with SMS plugin for WordPress, a popular content management system. It is a critical Authentication Bypass vulnerability in all versions of the plugin up to and including 1.0.5. Given the popularity and wide usage of WordPress, this vulnerability has significant implications and poses a significant risk to users if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-7692
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Orion Login with SMS plugin for WordPress |

How the Exploit Works

The exploit targets the olws_handle_verify_phone() function in the Orion Login with SMS plugin. This function is vulnerable as it does not utilize a strong enough OTP value, exposes the hash needed to generate the OTP value, and does not impose restrictions on the number of attempts to submit the code. This allows attackers to bypass the authentication process. If an attacker has access to a user’s phone number, they can potentially log in as that user, including as an administrator. This vulnerability could lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /olws_handle_verify_phone HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"phone_number": "target_phone_number",
"otp": "guess_otp"
}

The attacker would send a POST request to the olws_handle_verify_phone endpoint with the target’s phone number and a guessed OTP. As there are no restrictions on the number of attempts to submit the code, an attacker could potentially brute force the OTP.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-supplied patch. If the patch is not available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching your systems, as well as employing strong authentication methods, can also help prevent such vulnerabilities from being exploited.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continually evolving, and vulnerabilities can emerge from the most unexpected corners. One such vulnerability, CVE-2025-7645, has been identified in the Extensions For CF7 plugin, a widely used plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability is significant because it allows unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary files on the server, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. This blog post aims to provide an in-depth analysis of this vulnerability, detailing how it works, the impact it can have, and how to mitigate its effects.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-7645
Severity: High (8.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Arbitrary file deletion with potential for remote code execution and system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WordPress Extensions For CF7 Plugin | Versions up to and including 3.2.8

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability originates from insufficient file path validation in the ‘delete-file’ field of the Extensions For CF7 plugin for WordPress. When an administrator deletes a submission, it allows an unauthenticated attacker to delete arbitrary files on the server. This deletion could include critical files such as wp-config.php, which would lead to remote code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a hypothetical example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses a HTTP request with a malicious payload aimed at deleting a specific file.

POST /wp-content/plugins/Extensions-For-CF7/delete-file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
file_path=../wp-config.php

In this example, the ‘file_path’ parameter is manipulated to point to the ‘wp-config.php’ file, which is a critical configuration file for WordPress. If the request is successful, the ‘wp-config.php’ file is deleted, leading to a potential remote code execution vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of the affected plugin are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Furthermore, limiting the permissions of the web server and regularly backing up critical files can also help reduce the impact of this vulnerability.
It is essential to stay informed about the latest cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities and to ensure that all software, including plugins, is regularly updated to the latest version. Doing so can greatly reduce the risk of falling victim to cyberattacks.