{"id":57864,"date":"2025-07-06T16:41:44","date_gmt":"2025-07-06T16:41:44","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-09-09T02:17:43","modified_gmt":"2025-09-09T08:17:43","slug":"cve-2025-44557-critical-authentication-bypass-in-bluetooth-low-energy-ble-stack","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/cve-2025-44557-critical-authentication-bypass-in-bluetooth-low-energy-ble-stack\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>CVE-2025-44557: Critical Authentication Bypass in Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Stack<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a significant vulnerability in the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) stack of Cypress PSoC4 v3.66, affecting a multitude of devices across various industries. Identified as CVE-2025-44557, this security flaw involves a state machine transition flaw that allows potential attackers to bypass pairing processes and authentication through a carefully crafted &#8216;pairing_failed&#8217; packet. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the widespread use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/cve-2025-46014-privilege-escalation-vulnerability-in-honor-device-co-pc-manager\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"65679\">BLE<\/a> in devices such as smartphones, laptops, and IoT devices, making it a potentially vast attack surface.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vulnerability Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>CVE ID: CVE-2025-44557<br \/>\nSeverity: Critical, CVSS score 8.1<br \/>\nAttack Vector: Network<br \/>\nPrivileges Required: None<br \/>\nUser Interaction: None<br \/>\nImpact: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/cve-2025-3090-unauthenticated-remote-attack-leading-to-potential-data-leakage-and-system-compromise\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"64723\">Potential system compromise and data leakage<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Affected Products<\/strong><\/p><div id=\"ameeb-384507084\" class=\"ameeb-content-2 ameeb-entity-placement\"><div style=\"border-left: 4px solid #555; padding-left: 20px; margin: 48px 0; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 720px;\">\r\n  <h2 style=\"margin-top: 0; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 600; display: flex; align-items: center; letter-spacing: -0.02em;\">\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/chat\" style=\"display: inline-flex; align-items: center; margin-right: 10px;\">\r\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Best-App-icon-Ameeba.png\" alt=\"Ameeba Chat Icon\" style=\"width: 42px; height: 42px;\" \/>\r\n    <\/a>\r\n    Share secrets securely\r\n  <\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p style=\"margin-bottom: 14px; color: #d1d5db;\">\r\n    Ameeba is private infrastructure for communication and sensitive work built on encrypted identity instead of exposed corporate identity systems.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p style=\"margin-bottom: 18px; color: #a1a1aa;\">\r\n    Passwords, credentials, confidential files, screenshots, internal discussions, sensitive AI context, and private coordination should not become exposed across ordinary communication platforms.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <ul style=\"list-style: none; padding-left: 0; margin-bottom: 24px; color: #e4e4e7;\">\r\n    <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">\u2022 Encrypted identity<\/li>\r\n    <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">\u2022 Private Spaces for organizations and teams<\/li>\r\n    <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">\u2022 End-to-end encrypted chat, calls, files, and notes<\/li>\r\n    <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">\u2022 Sensitive AI work and protected collaboration<\/li>\r\n    <li>\u2022 Built for information that cannot leak<\/li>\r\n  <\/ul>\r\n\r\n  <p style=\"font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 24px; color: #ffffff;\">\r\n    Our mission is to secure human work alongside AI.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px;\">\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/chat\/download\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; padding: 10px 20px; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: 500;\">\r\n      Download Ameeba\r\n    <\/a>\r\n\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/chat\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ffffff; color: #ffffff; padding: 10px 20px; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: 500;\">\r\n      Learn More\r\n    <\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>Product | Affected Versions<\/p>\n<p>Cypress PSoC4 | v3.66<\/p>\n<p><strong>How the Exploit Works<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The exploit takes advantage of a state machine transition flaw in the BLE stack. In essence, the state machine, which is responsible for managing the different stages of the BLE pairing process, can be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/cve-2024-40458-escalation-of-privileges-via-tcp-packet-manipulation-in-ocuco-innovation-tracking-exe\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"80975\">manipulated by a malicious &#8216;pairing_failed&#8217; packet<\/a>. This packet causes the state machine to transition to a state where it believes the pairing process has failed and needs to restart. In this state, the authentication measures are temporarily disabled, allowing the attacker to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/cve-2025-52890-critical-acl-bypass-vulnerability-in-incus-system-container-and-virtual-machine-manager\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"64722\">bypass them entirely and gain unauthorized access to the system<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conceptual Example Code<\/strong><\/p><div id=\"ameeb-1651193348\" class=\"ameeb-content ameeb-entity-placement\"><div class=\"poptin-embedded\" data-id=\"f6b387694f681\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<p>While the specific exploit code is beyond the scope of this blog post, the following pseudocode gives a rough idea of how an attacker might craft a malicious &#8216;pairing_failed&#8217; packet:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">def craft_malicious_packet():\npacket = BLE_Packet()\npacket.type = &#039;pairing_failed&#039;\npacket.payload = &#039;malicious_payload&#039;\nreturn packet\ndef send_packet(target, packet):\ntarget_ble = connect_to_ble(target)\ntarget_ble.send(packet)\ntarget = &#039;target_device_address&#039;\nmalicious_packet = craft_malicious_packet()\nsend_packet(target, malicious_packet)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>In this conceptual example, a malicious packet is crafted and sent to the target device. The packet type is set to &#8216;pairing_failed&#8217;, tricking the state machine into a state where <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/cve-2025-4378-authentication-bypass-vulnerability-in-ataturk-university-s-ata-aof-mobile-application\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"64354\">authentication is bypassed<\/a>, and the payload contains the malicious code that exploits this vulnerability. The resulting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/cve-2025-6435-firefox-vulnerability-leading-to-potential-system-compromise-and-data-leakage\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"65680\">compromised system or data<\/a> leakage could have severe consequences, particularly if the target device is a crucial component of a larger network.<br \/>\nFor appropriate mitigation guidance, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If immediate application of the patch is not possible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overview The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a significant vulnerability in the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) stack of Cypress PSoC4 v3.66, affecting a multitude of devices across various industries. Identified as CVE-2025-44557, this security flaw involves a state machine transition flaw that allows potential attackers to bypass pairing processes and authentication through [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"vendor":[],"product":[],"attack_vector":[75],"asset_type":[],"severity":[],"exploit_status":[],"class_list":["post-57864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","attack_vector-authentication-bypass"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57864","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57864"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57864\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":73392,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57864\/revisions\/73392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57864"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57864"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57864"},{"taxonomy":"vendor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/vendor?post=57864"},{"taxonomy":"product","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product?post=57864"},{"taxonomy":"attack_vector","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/attack_vector?post=57864"},{"taxonomy":"asset_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asset_type?post=57864"},{"taxonomy":"severity","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/severity?post=57864"},{"taxonomy":"exploit_status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ameeba.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/exploit_status?post=57864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}